Иностранный язык для студентов заочного отделения (3 курс) ИРНИТУ

Главная

Магазин

Тест

Английский язык

Иностранный язык для студентов заочного отделения (3 курс) ИРНИТУ

annavaler

Пользователь онлайн

Раздел

Иностранные языки

Предмет

Английский язык

Тип

Тест

Просмотров

237

Покупок

Антиплагиат

Не указан

Размещена

30 Апр в 20:18

ВУЗ

ИРНИТУ

Курс

Не указан

Стоимость

1 000 ₽

Демо-файлы

Результат и темы

29.2 Кбайт

Демо

3.3 Мбайт

Файлы работы

Каждая работа проверяется на плагиат, на момент публикации уникальность составляет не менее 40% по системе проверки eTXT.

Иностранный язык для студентов заочного отделения (3 курс)

1.4 Мбайт 1 000 ₽

Описание

Иностранный язык для студентов заочного отделения (3 курс), ИРНИТУ. Год сдачи -2025.

Vocabulary tests / Listening: ОДИНАКОВЫЙ ПОЛНЫЙ НАБОР ВОПРОСОВ

1. Materials 2. Technical drawing 3. Machine tools 4. What is electricity? 5. Electric circuits 6. How energy is produced? 7. What is electronics? 8. Technical assistance 9. Health and safety at work

Grammar tests: ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНЫ ОТВЕТЫ ТОЛЬКО С ОДНОЙ ПОПЫТКИ, БОЛЬШАЯ ЧАСТЬ ВОПРОСОВ ПОВТОРЯЕТСЯ, ЕДИНИЧНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ МОГУТ ОТСУТСТВОВАТЬ

Test 1 Modal verbs Test 2 Irregular verbs Test 3 Passive voice

Final test: СКЛАДЫВАЕТСЯ ИЗ ВОПРОСОВ ВСЕХ ТЕСТОВ, ЕДИНИЧНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ МОГУТ ОТСУТСТВОВАТЬ

***

Ориентировочный результат прохождения на основе данной базы представлен на скриншоте.
В основном файле правильный ответ выделен цветом, возможен поиск по документу.

!ВАЖНО 1! Убедитесь, что тесты совпадают с вашими: вопросы, ответы на которые представлены, можно увидеть в оглавлении либо в демоверсии. Если нужный вопрос отсутствует в демоверсии, в файле его также НЕТ

!ВАЖНО 2! В зависимости от комбинации вопросов в вашем варианте теста возможна вариативность итогового балла в небольших пределах.

*По любому вопросу/неполадки/недочёты/помощь в решении других тестов/ всегда можно обратиться в ЛИЧНЫЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ.

Оглавление

Vocabulary tests / Listening

1. Materials

Вопрос 1

Complete the text:

Casting is a 6 ,000 year old process. It is the oldest and most well-known technique based on three fundamental steps: moulding, melting and . Fi rst the pattern is made to form the mould. Then an empty mould is created, and finally the empty cavity is filled with molten metal which is then left to solidify into the shape. Casting materials are usually but can also be plastic, resin or various cold materials for example . Casting is usually used for making complex shapes.

Вопрос 2

Complete the text:

Extrusion is a process used to produce objects with a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed or drawn through a die of the desired cross-section . The two main of this process are its ability to create very complex cross-sections and work materials that are brittle. The extrusion process can be done with hot or cold materials. Commonly extruded materials include metals, polymers, , concrete and foodstuffs. Ceramic can also be formed into shapes via extrusion . Terracotta extrusion is used to produce pipes. Many modern bricks are also manufactured using a brick extrusion process. Extrusion is also used in processing. Products such as certain pastas, many breakfast cereals, French fries, dry pet food and ready-to-eat snacks are mostly manufactured by extrusion.

Вопрос 3

Complete the text:

Forging is the process by which metal is heated and shaped by a compressive force using a hammer or a press. It is used to produce large quantities of identical parts, such as parts in the automobile industry. Cold forging is done at a low temperature using metals and plastic. Hot forging is done at a high temperature and makes metal easier to shape without breaking. In the past, forging was done by a blacksmith using a hammer. Nowadays industrial forging is done with powered by a machine.

Вопрос 4

Complete the text:

Rolling is a metal forming in which a material (metal, plastic, paper or glass) is passed through a pair of rollers. According to the of material rolled, there is hot rolling or cold rolling.

Вопрос 5

Complete the text:

Sheet metal forming is simply metal formed into thin and flat pieces. The basic forms can be cut and bent into a variety of different shapes. Everyday objects are constructed with this process. There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal , such as aluminium, , copper, steel, t in, nickel and titanium . For decorative uses, important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum. Sheet metal forming is used in car bodies, airplane wings and roofs for .

Вопрос 6

Match the correct processes with the objects:

sheet, golden leaves

pasta, bricks and concrete

wires, tubes, rods and bars

machine parts

drawing

extrusion

forging

sheet metal forming

Вопрос 7

Match the words with their definitions:

a combination of different metals

a metal not suitable as structural material

a type of plastic used for insulation

an alloy formed by mixing iron and carbon

a good insulator but brittle

an alloy formed by mixing copper and zinc

a composite material used to build houses

metals containing iron

alloy

brass

ceramic

concrete

ferrous materials

iron

PVC

steel

Вопрос 8

Put the words in the correct order to make complete sentences.

at done drawing is room temperature

Вопрос 9

Listen and complete the definitions:

Iron: Its Latin name is . It is magnetic and has a silvery colour. In prehistoric times it was used to make ornaments and weapons. If exposed to the , it oxidises.

: It is one of the most widely used metals by humans. In prehistoric times it was used to make cooking utensils, and ornamental objects. It is used in and cables.

: It is the most metal and is used to create precious jewellery. It is the most metal.

: It is an formed from iron and . It can contain between 2 .1 % and 4% carbon. It is also used for utensils and pans.

2. Technical drawing

Read the text and label the pictures

Вопрос 2

Read the text and choose the correct answer

Technical drawing, also known as drafting, is the act and discipline of composing plans. The main purpose of technical drawing is to describe or explain all the characteristics of a product, giving all the necessary information that will help a manufacturer to produce that component. The visual image should be accurate in terms of dimensions and proportions, and should provide an overall impression of what an object is or does. It is a precise task requiring a high level of skill and suitable engineering tools. A drafter is the person who makes a drawing and who requires a wide knowledge of geometry, trigonometry and spatial comprehension and in all cases must be precise and accurate and give great attention to detail.

People who communicate with technical drawings use a visual language and technical standards that define practical symbols, perspectives and units of measurement. What are the tools and instruments used by a drafter in manual drafting? A T-square, a protractor, a compass, rulers , and triangles. Paper is also important and can be divided into layout paper, which is thin and fragile, and cartridge paper, which is heavier and more suitable for final drawings. Pencils used in drawing are graded from H to F depending on the hardness. The final drawing is made using a technical pen, graded according to the point, which must maintain the same line width . They are used with a range of stencils to add symbols, letters and patterns to the drawing. Rubbers remove pencils or pen writing when mistakes are found . Correction fluid is used to mask text errors.

1) Technical drawing is needed to

2) The drafter needs

3) Paper is chosen considering

4) Pencils are graded according to

5) A technical pen

6) When mistakes are found

a wide range of technical instruments

hardness

let the manufacturer understand the requirements

maintains the same line width

they're removed with correction fluid

what sort of drawing the drafter is going to make

Вопрос 3

Listen to the text and match each sentence with its ending:

By using a CAD technology

Unlike manual drawing, CAD

The CAM system turns

CAD designs can be

CAD allows us to save

CAD/CAM systems

CAM is the use of computer software CAD helps designers

defects can be easily found .

minimise errors and manufacturing costs.

provides three~dimensional drawings.

seen from any angle and are easily manipulated.

the design into computer language.

time and money.

to control machine tools in the manufacturing process.

to draw, modify and correct designs.

3. Machine tools

Вопрос 1

Fill in the gaps:

Tool materials

In order to remove chips from a workpiece, a cutting tool must be harder than the workpiece and must maintain a cutting edge at the temperature produced by the friction of the cutting action.

: Steel with a carbon content ranging from 1 to 1.2 percent was the earliest material used in machine tools. Tools made of this carbon steel are comparatively inexpensive but tend to lose cutting ability at temperatures at about 400° F (205° C).

: In 1900 the introduction of high-speed steel permitted the operation of tools at twice or three times the speeds allowable with carbon steel, thus doubling or trebling the capacities of the world’s machine shops. One of the most common types of high-speed steel contains 18 percent tungsten, 4 percent chromium, 1 percent vanadium, and only 0.5 to 0.8 percent carbon.

: A number of cast-alloy cutting-tool materials have been developed; these nonferrous alloys contain cobalt, chromium, and tungsten and are particularly effective in penetrating the hard skin on cast iron and retaining their cutting ability even when red hot.

: This material was first used for metal cutting in Germany in 1926. Its principal ingredient is finely divided tungsten carbide held in a binder of cobalt; its hardness approaches that of a diamond. Tungsten carbide tools can be operated at cutting speeds many times higher than those used with high-speed steel.

: Ceramic, or oxide, tool tips are one of the newest developments in cutting-tool materials. They consist primarily of fine aluminium oxide grains, which are bonded together.

: Diamonds have been used for many years for truing grinding wheels, in wire-drawing dies, and as cutting tools. For cutting applications they are used largely for taking light finishing cuts at high speed on hard or abrasive materials and for finish-boring bronze and babbitt-metal bearings.

Вопрос 2

Read the texts and decide if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).

A machine tool uses a power source to modify the shape of metal components of machines. It is a sort of machine used as a tool in the making of other machines. Machine tools were powered in the Middle Ages by humans and animals, and later by the energy captured by waterwheels. After the Industrial Revolution, most machine tools were powered by steam engine and nowadays by electricity. Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. In the 1960s, computers gave more fl exibility to the process. Such machines became known as computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. They could precisely repeat sequences, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators. Let's examine the main features of some of the most commonly used machine tools.

Turning machine

The engine lathe is the most important of all the machine tools. It is used to produce external or internal cylindrical surfaces. The piece is held by the machine and is rotated while a cutting tool removes excess metal from the external diameter. Internal turning consists of enlarging and finishing a hole.

Shaper

This is a metal-cutting machine used to produce or modify flat surfaces. The cutting tool moves cutting on the forward stroke, with the piece feeding automatically towards the tool during each return stroke. Shapers can be horizontal or vertical.

Drilling machine

It is used to produce circular holes in metal with a twist drill. It also uses a variety of other cutting tools to perform the basic hole-machining operations.

Milling machine

This cuts flat metal surfaces. The piece is fed against a rotating cutting tool. Cutters of many shapes and sizes are available for a wide variety of milling operations. Milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical control (CNC).

Grinding machine

This removes excessive material from parts that are brought into contact with a rotating abrasive wheel. Grinding is the most accurate of all the basic machining processes, but also the most time consuming.

Press

This is a machine tool that changes the shape of a workpiece. Historically, metal was shaped by hand using a hammer. Machine presses can be dangerous. Bi-manual controls (controls Band saw which require both hands to be on the buttons to operate) are a very good way to prevent accidents.

Band saw

It is a power tool which uses a blade consisting of a continuous band of metal with teeth along one edge. The band usually rides on two wheels rotating in the same plane. Band saws are used for woodworking, metalworking, or for cutting a variety of other materials, and are particularly useful for cutting irregular or curved shapes. A constant flow of liquid is poured over the blade to keep it cool and preventing it flom overheating.

1) Turning machines remove excess metal from the external diameter and enlarge and finish a hole.

2) Shapers can only be vertical.

3) Drilling machines use a twist drill to make circular holes.

4) Milling machines can only be manually operated.

5) Grind ing machines remove excessive material from parts.

6) Band saws use a band of metal with teeth to cut various parts.

7) Presses are not dangerous if operated by both hands.

Вопрос 3

Read the text about CNC and put the sentences in the correct order:

Computer Numerical control (CNC) refers to the automation of machine tools in manufacturing processes. The machines are controlled by computer software which carries out a series of operations automatically. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They are used to cut and shape products, such as automobile parts that need precise specifications. Parts must be carefully planned and prepared by CNC programmers. First they view the three-dimensional computer aided designed part. Then they calculate where to cut, the speed and shape and se lect the tools and materials. The CNC programmers translate the planned machine operations into a set of instructions. These instructions are translated into a computer aided manufacturing (CAM) program containing a set of commands for the machine. The commands are a series of numbers which explains where to cut and the position of material. The computer checks all the operations made by the machine tools.

It is calculated where to cut and tools and material are selected.

Programmers view the part in its three-dimensional computer aided design.

The computer checks all the operations made by the machine tools.

The planned machine operations are translated into a set of instructions.

The program contains a set of commands for the machine.

These instructions are translated into a CAM program.

4. What is electricity?

Вопрос 1

Read the text and label the picture with the name of each part

Вопрос 2

Read the text and complete the sentences

All substances, solids , liquids or gases, are composed of one or more of the chemical element s. Each element is composed of identical atoms. Each atom is composed of a small central nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons around which orbit shells of electrons. These electrons are very much smaller than protons and neutrons.

The electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons and the electrical properties of the substance depend on the number of these electrons.

Neutrons have no electric charge, but protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge. In some substances, usually metals, the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another and this is what constitutes an electric current.

Valence electrons are

Atoms consist of

Neutrons do not have any

Electricity is generated when Inside there are neutrons and protons, while outside

Identical atoms compose

Shells of electrons orbit

Elements make up

all substances.

around the nucleus.

each element.

electric charge.

neutrons, protons and electrons.

the electrons in the outermost shell.

there are electrons.

valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another.

Вопрос 3

Read the text and match

There are two types of current: Direct current (DC) and Alternating current (AC).

Direct current is a continuous flow of electrons in one direction and it never changes its direction until the power is stopped or switched off.

Alternating current constantly changes its direction because of the way it is generated. The term 'frequency' is used to indicate how many times the current changes its direction in one second.

Alternating current has a great advantage over direct current because it can be transm itted over very long distances through small wires, by making energy high voltage and low current.

There are several quantities that are important when we are talking about electric current. Volts (V) - so named after the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta - measure the difference of electric potential between two points on a conducting wire. Amperes (A) measure the amount of current flowing through a conductor, that is to say the number of electrons passing a point in a conductor in one second.

Coulomb (C) measure the quantity of charge transferred in one second by a steady current of one ampere. Power is the rate at which work is performed and it is measured in watts (W). A Kilowatt (kW), which is equal to one housand watts, is used to measure the amount of used or available energy. The amount of electrical energy consumed in one hour at the constant rate of one kilowatt is called kilowatt-hour.

the number of electrons passing a given point in a conductor in one second

rate at which work is done

the difference of potential between two points on a conductor

the quantity of electricity transferred by a steady current of one ampere

the amount of electric energy used

Ampere (A)

Coulomb (C)

Kilowatt (kW)

Volt (V)

Watt (W)

Вопрос 4

Listen to the text and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

1 A flow of electrons moving inside a conductor creates an electric current.

2 A generator is used to move the charges.

3 Electrons can easily pass through any material.

4 Any material is a good conductpr.

5 Conductors are coated with insulators.

6 The presence of free electrons affects the conductivity of materials.

7 Impurities are introduced to increase conductivity.

8 Insulating materials resist the flow of electrons.

5. Electric circuits

Вопрос 1

Read the text and label the picture with the name of each part

Вопрос 2

Read the text and find synonyms for the words below:

A fuse can be added to an electric circuit to protect it from the effects of undue power. This safety device, which is made of a heat-sensitive alloy, is connected in series with the circuit it has to rotect. If an excessive amount of current flows through the circuit, the alloy will liquefy and open the circuit. A circuit breaker is fundamental in a house to protect circuits against overloading, overheating and short circuits. The advantage of a circuit breaker is that it can be reset after the overloading by replacing the fuse. A professional electrician should always provide his customers with a map of the electric circuit in the house so that it will be easier to work on it in case of faults.

1) excessive:

2) reacting to high temperatures:

3) to melt:

4) loading up:

5) adjusted: 6) clients:

customers

heat‑sensitive

overloading

reset

to liquefy

undue

Вопрос 3

Match the words with their definitions:

broken circuit

switch

fuse

source

closed circuit

load

a circuit in which wires are disconnected

a complete circuit with no breaks at all

a device which consumes electric power

a device which iterrupts the circuit

a device which provides power

a protective device

Вопрос 4

Read the text and choose the correct item:

What is an electric circuit- Series and Parallel Circuits

What is an electric circuit?

In order for electrons to flow they need a closed circuit. An electric circuit provides a complete, closed path for electricity. The parts of a circuit consist of a load or resistance; wires; and a switch. The source of energy can be a battery, thermocouple, photocell or an electric generator. The load is the part of the circuit that uses the power. The load of the circuit always offers some resistance to the flow of electrons. As a result energy is convert into heat, light or mechanical energy. The switch is an electric circuit is used to prevent the flow of electrons. This is called an open circuit

There are two types of electric circuits, the series and parallel circuit.

Series Circuit

A series circuit there is only one path for the electrons to flow (see image of series circuit). The main disadvantage of a series circuit is that if there is a break in the circuit the entire circuit is open and no current will flow. An example of a series would the the lights on many inexpensive Christmas trees. If one light goes out all of them will.

resistors using a series circuit

Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit the different parts of the electric circuit are on several different branches. There are several different paths that electrons can flow. If there is a break in one branch of the circuit electrons can still flow in other branches (see image of parallel circuit). Your home is wired in a parallel circuit so if one light bulb goes out the other will stay on.

resistors using a parallel

Electric Circuits in your Home

In your home you will notice that most outlets have 3 prongs. Connected to the outlet are three wires. Two of the wires run parallel to each other and have a potential difference of 120 volts in the US, in Europe the potential difference is 220 volts. The third wire is connected to the ground. A wire that is connected to the ground provides the shortest path of electrons to Earth.This third wire carries no current. The wire is simply a safety feature against short circuits. A short circuit is when an accident occurs that lets electricity take a shorter path within the circuit. These circuits have less resistance and therefore more current flow. If the high potential wire should touch the other metal surface of an appliance the entire appliance will draw current and give the person touching it a shock. The ground wire having a shorter circuit provides a safety feature, so instead of current flowing through the appliance it will flow to the ground.

Circuit Safety Features - Fuses and Circuit Breakers

Your home only allows so much electricity usage at a time. Depending on the wiring some homes may allow as much as 150 amps to enter the whole home at one time, This is divided among many circuits. The average circuit in a home is 15 or 20 amps. More current flowing through the wire will cause them to heat and could start a fire. It is therefore necessary to have devices that will stop the flow of electron when the current gets to high. A fuse is a common device in many homes. Inside the fuse is a tiny strip of metal. When the current flowing through it is too high it will cause the thin strip to melt and this will cause the circuit to break.

Fuses have the disadvantage that once the fuse is burnt out they must be replaced. A better solution is to use what is called a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker has a switch which opens when the current is too high. This prevents any flow of current. The switch can manually be closed after the amount of current being used is decreased. An example is when you turn on too many electron devices in your home that exceed 15 amps the circuit breaker turns off

1. Which of the following is not true

Выберите один ответ:

a. The load of a circuit offers no resistance to the circuit

b. the source of energy in a circuit can be a battery, thermocouple or photocell

c. there are two types of circuits, series and parallel

d. In order for electrons to flow they need a closed circuit

Вопрос 5

Listen to the text and match

The components of a circuit

A parallel circuit

Each separate path

Current from the source

Parallel circuits

are commonly used to connect appliances at home

can be wired in two different ways: series or parallel

consists of several paths connecting the different components.

divides and flows through the different branches.

is called a branch of the circuit.

6. How energy is produced?

Вопрос 1

Read the texts about alternative power sources and complete the table with the missing information.

Alternative power sources

Environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect and air pollution have led scientists to find alternative power sources which are renewable and less polluting.

SOLAR ENERGY

Sunlight can be directly converted into electricity by solar cells made of silicon. When light strikes the cells, a part of it is absorbed by the semiconductor material. The energy of the absorbed light knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely and produce electricity. The process of converting light (photons) into electricity (voltage) is known as the photo-voltaic process (PV). Solar cells are usually combined into panels and grouped into arrays. Even if the initial costs can be high, the PV system provides an independent, reliable electrical power source. It can produce energy for more than 15 years and its routine maintenance is simple and cheap.

WIND ENERGY

Wind energy is one of the cheapest renewable technologies available today. The wind turns the blades of giant turbines, producing in this way kinetic energy which is then converted into mechanical power and electricity by a generator. The main disadvantage of wind energy is that there are few suitable wind sites where it is possible to have a constant production of electricity.

TIDAL ENERGY

This alternative power source, which is typically used in coastal areas, turns the potential energy of tides into electricity. Tidal power generators use rising and fallingtides in much the same manner as hydroelectric power plants. Large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements and are designed to capture the kinetic energy of rising and falling tides. The turbines are driven by the power of the sea both when the tide comes in and when it goes out. The problem with tidal power is that only massive increases in tides can produce energy and there are very few places where this occurs. Moreover, the aquatic ecosystem and the shoreline can be damaged by the changes in the tidal flow.

GEOTHERMALENERGY

In the past, people used hot springs for bathing, cooking and heating. Geothermal energy is based on the fact that the Earth is hotter below the surface. The hot water which is stored in the Earth can be brought to the surface and used to drive turbines to produce electricity or it can be piped through houses as heat. This energy is cheap and has a low impact on the environment, but there are few sites where it can be extracted at low cost.

BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is a renewable energy source deriving from plant material and animal waste. When it is burnt, it releases its chemical energy as heat. Biomass fuels include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), straw, manure and even municipal solid waste. Biomass energy is a natural process, it is carbon neutral and has low initial costs. It used to be the main source of heating at home in the past and it continues to be highly exploited in the developing world. The main disadvantage of biomass is that it has a smaller potential than other energy sources and requires excellent maintenance skills.

Type of energy:

How it works:

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Biomass energy

Geothermal energy

Solar energy

Tidal energy

Wind energy

Plant material and animal waste are burnt in order to release chemical energy as heat.

Solar cells made of silicon absorb sunlight, which knocks electrons loose, allowing them to flow freely and produce electricity.

The hot water stored in the Earth is brought to the surface and used to drive turbines to produce electricity or it can be piped through houses as heat.

The wind turns the blades of giant turbines, producing kinetic energy which is then converted into mechanical power and electricity by a generator.

Underwater turbines capture the kinetic energy of rising and falling tides and turn it into electricity.

It is a natural process because it exploits the potential energy of tides.

It is a natural process, is carbon neutral and has low initial costs.

It is cheap and has a low impact on the environment.

It is one of the cheapest renewable technologies available today.

The PV system provides an independent, reliable electrical power source and its routine maintenance is simple and cheap.

high initial costs

It has a smaller potential than other energy sources and requires excellent maintenance skills.

Only massive increases in tides can produce energy and there are very few places where this occurs. Moreover the changes in the tidal flow can damage the aquatic ecosystem and the shoreline.

There are few sites where it can be extracted at low cost.

There are few suitable wind sites.

Вопрос 2

Hydroelectric power plants

The energy produced by water can be captured and turned into . The use of a dam on a river allows power plants to store water in an artificial lake, or . When released, the force of the water spins the blades of giant turbines, which are connected to a

producing energy. Hydropower is one of the most important renewable energy , because it is reliable, efficient and does not pollute the . Although it has high initial costs, it is to operate. Unfortunately, it has a great impact on the , as humans, animals and plants may lose their natural habitats.

Вопрос 3

Complete the text

Nuclear power plants

About 10% of the world's electric power is produced by power plants. Nuclear power requires little and causes much less air pollution than other power plants, but it can cause severe health and problems when accidents occur, with a consequent release of radioactive material. This type of energy is produced by the splitting of atoms of uranium, which releases . This process - called fission - produces large amounts of steam, which is used to turn the blades of thus creating energy. The main problems with power are linked to the location of the power plants, as people are not willing to have these plants near their homes, and the disposal of material, which stays radioactive for centuries.

Вопрос 4

Reorder the different stages in the distribution system and match them to the numbers in the picture.

a Transmission lines carry high-voltage electricity to different substations.

b Electricity leaves the power plant.

c Electricity is stepped down by transformers.

d Current at lower voltages is transmitted to homes and offices.

e The voltage is increased at a step-up station.

f Power levels are lowered by small transformers mounted on poles.

Вопрос 5

Match the words with their definitions.

waste material from animals used as fertilizer

a group of things arranged in a particular way

the process of keeping something in good condition by regularly checking it

the regular change in the level of the sea caused by gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun

unwanted material left after using

produced by motion

to send a liquid or a gas through a tube

a spot where hot water comes up naturally from the ground

array

hot spring

kinetic

maintenance

manure

tide

to pipe

waste

Вопрос 6

Listen to the text and match each sentence with its ending.

Power plants generate

The current transmitted by poles

High voltages mean

Step-down transformers

Transmission lines are used

Substations can help each other

a reduction in energy losses during transmission.

can be safely used in businesses and homes.

convert electricity from high voltage levels to lower levels.

in case of an expected demand for electric power.

power and distribute it to substations.

to distribute high-voltage electricity to a network of substations.

7. What is electronics?

Вопрос 1

Complete the text

What's the difference between electricity and electronics?

If you've read about electricity, you'll know it's a kind of energy—a very versatile kind of energy that we can make in all sorts of ways and use in many more. Electricity is all about making

energy flow around a circuit so that it will drive something like an electric motor or a heating element, powering such as electric cars, kettles, toasters, and lamps. Generally, electrical appliances need a great deal of energy to make them work so they use quite large (and often quite dangerous) electric . The 2500-watt heating element inside an electric kettle operates on a current of about 10 amps. By contrast, electronic components use currents likely to be measured in fractions of (which are thousandths of amps). In other words, a typical electric appliance is likely to be using currents tens, hundreds, or thousands of times bigger than a typical electronic one.

Electronics is a much more subtle kind of electricity in which tiny electric currents (and, in theory, single electrons) are carefully directed around much more complex circuits to process

(such as those that carry radio and television programs) or store and process information. Think of something like a microwave oven and it's easy to see the difference between ordinary electricity and electronics. In a microwave, electricity provides the power that generates that cook your food; electronics controls the electrical circuit that does the cooking.

Вопрос 2

Read the text about the main inventions in electronics and complete the table with the missing information.

Electronics is the branch of science which controls electricity in order to convey a signal using semiconductor materials. These signals represent numbers, letters, sounds, pictures, computer instructions or other information. Radio systems were developed to read and understand these signals and in 1920 radio broadcasting started making it possible for electromagnetic waves to travel long distances.

More sophisticated devices were needed during the Second World War and the invention of radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) represented a further step in electronics, making it possible to determine the altitude, direction and speed of moving and fixed objects.

The invention of television in the 1920s was one of the most revolutionary and popular inventions in history and it showed the importance of electronics in certain branches of industry. For the first time in history it became possible to transmit images and sound over wire circuits.

The first computer appeared in 1946. This machine, which could solve a wide range of computing problems, was built over a period of three years by a team of American scientists working at the University of Pennsylvania. It was a huge machine weighing almost 50 tons.

The first transistor was assembled in 1957 by a team of scientists working at the Bell Laboratories in the U .S.A, and it was a real coming of age in the science of electronics because it replaced the use of valves. Transistors are very small, easy to handle, cheap, and they use little power.

The silicon chip - which followed the transistor in the 1960s - can contain up to several thousand transistors packed and interconnected in layers beneath the surface. It is really tiny (usually less than one centimetre square and about half a millimetre thick) and it has paved the way to microelectronics.

Electronics has influenced and improved the way information is stored, processed and distributed. Social and personal life has been deeply affected by these inventions and many financial, business, medical, education and political routines have been speeded up.

Invention:

Year:

Function:

Computer

Radar

Radio

Silicon chip

Television

Transistor

1920

1920s

1946

1957

1960s

during the Second World War

Determine the altitude, direction and speed of moving and fixed objects.

Do a range of computing problems.

Improve the way information is stored, processed and distributed; pave the way to microelectronics.

Read and understand electronic signals; make electromagnetic waves travel long distances.

Replace the use of valves.

Transmit images and sound over wire circuits.

Вопрос 3

Read the text and match the words with their definitions.

A conventional electronic circuit is made of separate components attached to a base called a printed circuit board (PCB). Before being finalised and manufactured, the electronic circuit must be tested many times on an experimentation board called a breadboard. It consists of a perforated block of plastic with several spring clips connected by copper wires. It doesn't require soldering as its components can be pushed straight into the holes, so it is easy to change connections and replace pieces. It is generally used to create temporary prototypes and experiment with circuit design.

The integrated circuit, also known as a chip, is one of the most important inventions of the 20th century. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment today, for example watches, calculators and microprocessors. It consists of millions of transistors and other electronic components combined to form a complex set on a thin slice of silicon or other semiconductor material. Chips are becoming tinier and tinier and they are produced in large quantities so that costs are reduced. Since signals have to travel a short distance, they work faster, consume less power and generate less heat. They are also more reliable given the limited amount of connections which could fail.

The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer: it is a logic integrated circuit chip which can carry out a sequence of operations when it receives instructions from different input devices . As it doesn't contain a large memory, it can't work alone but needs to be supported by other integrated circuits to be connected with peripherals.

Most microprocessors are found inside computers and are called the CPU (Central Processing Unit). In order to work properly, the microprocessor needs to receive instructions from a memory chip. These instructions are then decoded, executed and elaborated so as to get the results available. The most sophisticated microprocessors can contain up to 10 million transistors and run 300 million cycles per second. It means that the computer can perform about a billion instructions every second. As technology continues to evolve, microprocessors are becoming tinier and tinier.

to decode

to fail

performed

prototype

peripheral soldering

an auxiliary device that works with a computer

an original model used to test a circuit or a product

having a series of holes

the act of joining metallic parts

to convert an electrical signal into another code

to perform ineffectively

Вопрос 4

Listen to the text about mobile phones and complete it with the words from the list below.

A phone (or mobile phone) is designed to give the freedom of while using a telephone. It uses radio to communicate between the phone and the . The server

is divided into smaller areas called and an antenna is within each and connected by telephone . These lines connect phones to one another: a computer the closest to the telephone when a is made. If the phone moves to one serving to another, the radio signal is to the actual without interrupting the .

The board is the heart of the system. A translates the outgoing and incoming

from to digital and back from digital to . The microprocessor all the functions for the , the display and the loudspeakers, and it the signal to the base station. Other flash memory chips provide storage for the operating system.

A phone is not only a phone but it provides an amount of functions:

• information;

• use a calculator;

• send and emails;

• the Internet;

• play simple games;

• play music, take photos and videos.

Can you your life without your mobile phone?

8. Technical assistance

Вопрос 1

How well do you know the components of a car? Look at the picture and label each part with the words in the box

Вопрос 2

Read the text and answer the questions

Any machine and device must be controlled regu larly in order to avoid the risk of damage or breakdown of single parts due to long usage. Sometimes, if a proper maintenance is not done, a fault could occur, with negative consequences on the production process and on the workers' safety. The primary goal of maintenance is to avoid or mitigate the consequences of failure of equipment. This includes performing routine actions to keep the device in working order and prevent the failure before it actual ly occurs (preventive maintenance) , or fixing equipment after breakdown (corrective maintenance).

Preventive maintenance is designed to preserve and restore equipment reliability by replacing worn components before they actually fai l. It includes maintenance activities such as partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes and lubrication. The ideal preventive maintenance is a combination of technical, administrative and manageria l actions to prevent all equipment failure. If carried out properly, preventive maintenance can extend the life of the equipment.

Corrective maintenance, sometimes simply ca ll ed 'repair', is carried out to get equipment working again. It aims at restoring the functionality of a machine so that it can continue to perform its work. This type of maintenance can be very expensive because sometimes equipment needs to be replaced, with substantial costs for the company.

Generally, maintenance is scheduled according to:

• the original equipment manufacturer's recommendations;

• codes and leg islation within a country;

• consultancy advice;

• previous maintenance ;

• most important measured values and performance indications.

What is the function of preventive maintenance?

What is maintenance called if it occurs after a failure?

What are the main types of maintenance?

Why is maintenance important?

Which activities does it include?

Why can corrective maintenance be expensive?

Because sometimes equipment needs to be replaced with substantial costs for the company

Corrective maintenance or simply ‘repair’

In order to avoid the risk of damage or breakdown.

It aims at preserving and restoring equipment before it actually fails

It includes partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes and lubrication

Preventive and corrective maintenance

Вопрос 3

Listen to the dialogue and complete the text

- Good afternoon, Mrs Farrell.

- Good afternoon, John. How are you?

- I'm fine, thank you. How can I help you?

- Well, I need a complete for my car. Next week my husband and I are going on holiday by car. It's going to be a long journey all the way to Spain and I want my car to be in

- Sure. No problem. Have you your car recently?

- Let me think ... It must have been last year, in June, when the car wouldn't . Anyway, it should all be written in the . It's in the .

-OK, I'll take it. Let's see ... Oh, yes, it was the battery and I it. Are there any problems at the moment?

-Not really, but I think the needs to be .

-Sure. I'll check the filters too.

-Yes, I think it's a good idea. Could you the tyres as well? And maybe wash it; it's so dirty. Well , John , when do you think the car will be ready?

-Actually, I'm quite busy at the moment, Mrs Farrell , so I could give it back to you next Friday.

-Would that be convenient for you?

-Yes, it'd be perfect, because we're leaving on Sunday. I'll call you on Tuesday for a confirmation then .

-All right. Goodbye, Mrs Farrell.

on Friday. ..

-Good morning, Mrs Farrell. Here are your keys. I replaced the and the . Then I checked the and the too. I had to the spark plugs because they were

. I also the electronics and then I washed the car. Now everything is OK, you can with no worries.

-That's great! Thank you very much, John.

9. Health and safety at work

Вопрос 1

Read the texts about safety equipment and match the words in the box with the correct description

are the most important piece of safety equipment. There are many styles of these, but all share the same features , that is to say impact resistant lenses and side screens to protect against dust.

should be worn when working with loud power tools and machinery, in order to protect you from long-term hearing loss.

are predominantly used in workplace environments such as building sites. They protect the head from injury by falling objects, impact with other objects, debris, bad weather and electric shock.

When working with chemicals or machinery which makes dust, it is advisable to wear a face mask, to keep these fine particles away from the face . When spraying varnish or paint, a is a better choice, to protect you from any harmful effects of using these chemicals.

A must be worn when using machinery which gives off sparks or little parts. It is comfortable, can be flipped up when not needed , and will keep most of the flying chips away from your face.

When working, you should always wear proper clothing, like an Comfortable, long-sleeved shirts and long trousers combined with good safety boots will each provide a layer of protection.

Вопрос 2

Match each sign with its meaning and write the correct subcategory for each of them

slippery when wet

high voltage

first aid station

head protection must be worn

cafeteria

no smoking area

caution

danger

emergency

general information

mandatory

prohibition

Вопрос 3

Match the words with their definitions

the buildings and land occupied by a business

a responsibility or task that you have to do as part of your job

to deal effectively with a difficult situation

poor attention to an activity, which results in harm or errors

the health, comfort and well-being of a person or group

action taken in order to prevent something dangerous from happening

carelessness

duty

precautionary measure

premises

to cope with

welfare

Вопрос 4

Read the text about fire safety procedures and put the actions in the correct order

A fire safety plan is required in all public buildings, from schools, hospitals, supermarkets to workplaces. Generally, the owner of the building is responsible for the preparation of a fire safety plan. Once the plan has been approved by the Chief Fire Official, the owner is responsible for training all staff in their duties.

Evacuation drills are a very important part of the staff training associated with emergency evacuation procedures . Drills should be carried out in all buildings at least once a year. The drill should be checked, recording the time required to complete the evacuation , and noting any problems and deficiencies. After each drill a meeting should be held to evaluate the success of the drill and to solve any problems that may have arisen.

What to do in case of fire ...

• If you see fire or smoke, do not panic. Remain calm and move quickly, but do not run.

• Alert the responsible staff and telephone the correct national emergency number. Have someone meet the firefighters to tell them where the fire is. They can lose valuable minutes if they have to find it themselves.

• Rescue any people in immediate danger only if it is safe to do so.

• If practicable, close all doors and windows to contain the fire.

• Try to extinguish the fire using appropriate firefighting equipment only if you are trained and it is safe to do so.

• Follow the instructions of your supervisor and prepare to evacuate if necessary.

• Save records if possible.

• Evacuate your area and check all rooms, especially changing rooms, toilets, storage areas , etc.

• Do a head count of all staff and report any people unaccounted for to the supervisor.

Close all doors and windows

Do a head count of all staff and vis itors

Evacuate your area and check all rooms

Meet the firefighters and give them details about the fire

Prepare to evacuate

Remain calm and move quickly.

Report any people unaccounted for to the supervisor

Rescue any people in immediate danger

Save records

Telephone the correct national emergency number

Try to extinguish the fire using appropriate firefighting equipment

Вопрос 5

Listen to the text and decide if the following rules are true (T) or false (F)

1 Use machinery only when other people are in the workplace.

2 People mustn't talk in the workplace.

3 Turn off electricity after a machine has been cleaned

4 Wear safety boots before arriving in a workplace.

5 Always wear sunglasses when using a machine.

6 Damaged tools can be dangerous.

7 Report to the supervisor about damaged equipment.

8 In case of fire ask the supervisor where the emergency stop buttons are located .

9 In case of fire shout to catch other people's attention.

10 Anyone can give first aid in case of an accident.

Вопрос 6

Listen to the dialogues and complete the table with the equipment and the hazard mentioned

face shield

hard hat

respirator

safety glasses

chemicals could splash into eyes

falling objects

sparks

toxic fumes released by chemicals

Grammar tests

Test 1

Вопрос 1

You _______ eat so much junk food. It's bad for your health.

a. shouldn't

b. should

c. won't

Вопрос 2

Fill in the gaps with one of the verbs from the list using the correct form of the imperative

1) ! Your brother is sleeping.

2) your schoolbags on the steps! Someone might fall over them.

3) your hand if you have a question.

4) careful. You might fail.

5) the flowers! The gardener will get angry.

6) this T-shirt on. Blue suits you.

Вопрос 3

It ... be cold outside. They're wearing their jackets.

a. must

b. can

c. can't

Вопрос 4

Fill in the gaps:

1) You eat lots of fruit and vegetables.

2) We all drink at least four glasses of water per day.

3) You talk with you mouth full.

4) "I have a test tomorrow". "You stay at home and study"

5) Peter eat so much junk food.

6) People light fires in forests.

7) We keep our neighbourhoods clean.

8) You be quiet in a library.

9) Paul drive carelessly.

10) "Tim isn't feeling well." "He go to a doctor".

Вопрос 5

You ______ forget to do your homework

a. should

b. must

c. mustn't

Вопрос 6

Fill in the gaps:

1. A: Look at that man with the broken arm.

B: He be in a lot of pain.

2. A: Mrs Samson always has beautiful roses in her garden.

B: Yes. She be a very good gardener.

3. A: Amy graduated from university.

B: Oh, that's wonderful. You be very proud of her.

4. A: Glen's driving his father's car.

B: He be. He doesn't know how to drive.

5. A: The cake is ready.

B: It be! I only put in in the oven ten minutes ago.

Вопрос 7

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of have to or don't have to

1) You do the shopping. I went to the supermarket this morning

2) John do his homework first. Then he can watch TV.

3) I clean my room every Saturday.

4) Susan is ill today. She go to school

5) They work on Sundays. The shop is closed.

Вопрос 8

Match the sentences

Tell someone where you are travelling to.

Don't take any valuables with you

Have some of the local currency with you.

Reserve a hotel room before you leave.

Always carry your passport with you.

Someone might steal them or you ight lose them.

They might need to contact you.

You could have trouble finding a place to stay.

You might have to prove your identity.

You might not find banks open when you arrive.

Вопрос 9

Linda won first prize. She ______ be thrilled.

a. can

b. can't

c. must

Вопрос 10

Fill in the gaps:

1. A: What's that noise?

B: It be the cat outside.

2. A: That will be 5 pounds, please.

B: It be 5 pounds. I only had a cup of coffee!

3. A: Peter's coming home tomorrow.

B: He be. He only left for Hong Kong this morning!

4. A: Mum, there's someone at the door.

B: Oh, it be Aunt Mary. She's going to help me make some bread!

5. A: Gosh, I'm so tired.

B: You be tired. You just woke up.

Вопрос 11

That _______ be Naomi's twin sister. They look exactly the same.

a. can't

b. must

c. mustn't

Вопрос 12

That ______ be Jill. She is in Tahiti.

a. must

b. can't

c. shall

Вопрос 13

This bicycle _______ be Shelley's. She doesn't have one

a. can

b. can't

c. must

Вопрос 14

Tom's cat died. He ... be very sad.

a. can't

b. must

c. can

Вопрос 15

That _______ be Susie eating in the Mexican restaurant. She hates spicy food.

a. can't

b. must

c. can

Вопрос 16

This book ___________ be hers. She doesn't like Shakespeare.

a. must

b. can't

c. can

Вопрос 17

You _______ eat so much junk food. It's bad for your health.

a. should

b. won't

c. shouldn't

Вопрос 18

........ I come to the park with you?

a. Do

b. Can

c. Have

Вопрос 19

Choose the correct sentence

a. He can be his father. He's only five years older than him.

b. He must be his father. He's only five years older than him.

c. He can't be his father. He's only five years older than him.

Вопрос 20

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of have to or don't have to

1) I take the dog for a walk every morning.

2) James goes to a private school. He wear a school uniform.

3) Brian come with us. He can stay at home.

4) We be at the theatre at 8 o'clock.

5) Sally catch the bus to work. She has a car.

Вопрос 21

Fill in the gaps:

1) You eat lots of fruit and vegetables.

2) We all drink at least four glasses of water per day.

3) You talk with you mouth full.

4) "I have a test tomorrow". "You stay at home and study"

5) Peter eat so much junk food.

6) People light fires in forests.

7) We keep our neighbourhoods clean.

8) You be quiet in a library.

9) Paul drive carelessly.

10) "Tim isn't feeling well." "He go to a doctor".

Вопрос 22

Use should or shouldn't to make sentences about driving safely, as in the example:

1) You keep you eyes on the road.

2) You drink and drive.

3) You drive when you're tired.

4) You drive with the headlights on at night

5) You drive carelessly.

Вопрос 23

Вставьте по смыслу can/can't

1) An elephant play tennis.

2) A typist type letters.

3) A whale read.

4) An artist paint pictures.

5) A sheep fly

6) A chef cook delicious dishes

Вопрос 24

Fill in must or can't

1. A: Is this you bag?

B: No. It be Elaine's. Her address book is inside.

2. A: Is this John's jacket?

B: No. It be his. It's too small.

3. A: Is this Tim's 30 pounds note?

B: No. It be. Tim's spent all his money.

4. A: Is this Don's shirt?

B: Yes. It be his. He always wears bright colours.

5. A: Is this Anne's bracelet?

B: No. It be hers. She only likes silver jewellery.

Вопрос 25

...... I have some water, please?

a. Am

b. Do

c. Can

Don't smoke in bed. You _______ set the house on fire.

a. might

b. have

c. must

Test 2

Вопрос 1