Задания 1-6. Контрольная по Английскому

В файле 10 заданий (10 Юнитов), но тут решение на 1-6 задание

ПОЛНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ В ДЕМО ФАЙЛЕ,

ЧАСТЬ ДЛЯ ПОИСКА ДУБЛИРУЮ НИЖЕ

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ бюджетное ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«БЕЛГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. В.Г.ШУХОВА»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания к выполнению контрольных

работ для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 151900  – Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств

Белгород

2012

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ бюджетное ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«БЕЛГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им. В.Г.ШУХОВА»

Кафедра иностранных языков

Утверждено

научно-методическим советом

университета

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания к выполнению контрольных

работ для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 151900 – Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств

Белгород

                                                     2012

УДК   4И (Англ) (075)

ББК    81.2. Англ. – 9Я7I

А54

Составитель: ст. преп., О. А. Могутова

Рецензент: кандидат филол. наук, доц. Т. В. Беседина

А54

Английский язык: методические указания к выполнению контрольных работ для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров  151900  – Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств /сост.: О. А. Могутова. - Белгород: Изд-во БГТУ, 2012. – 63 с.

Методические указания составлены на основании требований государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования и предназначены для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 151900 – Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств

         Данное издание публикуется в авторской редакции

УДК 4И(Англ)(075)

ББК 81.2 Англ-9Я7

©  Белгородский государственный

технологический университет

                                                               (БГТУ) им. В.Г Шухова, 2012

Указания к выполнению контрольных заданий

Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предполагается в пяти вариантах.

Студент должен выбрать один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра: студенты, шифр которых оканчивается на 1 или 2 – вариант №1, на 3 или 4 – №2, на 5 или 6 – №3, на 7 или 8 – №4, на 9 или 0 – №5.

Каждому варианту соответствует своя цифра (1 вариант Unit 1, 6; 2 вариант Unit 2,7; 3вариант Unit3,8; 4 вариант Unit 4,9; 5 вариант Unit 5, 10):

Unit 1

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. rail – рельса

2. railway (Br. Eng.) – железная дорога

3. railroad (Amer. Eng.) – железная дорога

4. means – значит

5. by means of – посредством

6. travel – поездка; путешествовать, перемещаться

7. traveller – пассажир

8. freight – товарный поезд

9. important – важный, значимый

10. to play a part – играть роль

11. develop – развивать, разрабатывать

12. development – развитие, разработка, достижение

13. depend (on, upon) – зависеть (от)

14. fast (ant. slow) train – скорый поезд

15. safe – безопасный, надежный

16. (the) very – тот самый, наилучший

17. operate – работать, действовать, функционировать (о приборах, механизмах)

18. put into operation – приводить в действие (эксплуатацию)

19. call – звать, называть

20. success – успех

21. be a success – иметь успех

22. successful – успешный, удачный

23. light – легкий

24. construct – строить, конструировать

25. power – сила, мощь, энергия

26. powerful – мощный

27. tractive power = traction – тяга; тяговое усилие

28. difficult – тяжелый, трудный

29. possible – возможный

30. suitable – подходящий

31. suit – подходить

32. service – служба, услуга, сервис

33. put into service – вводить в эксплуатацию

34. serve – служить, обслуживать

35. appear – появляться

36. wide – широкий

37. works –               завод(ы)

38. follow – следовать(за)

39. thanks to – благодаря (кому), из-за (чего)

40. place – место, расположение, размещение, размещать

41. take place – случаться, занимать место

42. change – обмен, замена, обменивать(ся)

43. introduce – вводить; внедрять; знакомить

44. introduction – введение; знакомство

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS

We usually think of railways as a means of travel. It is true that railways are often used for travel, but their most important function is to carry freight. Railways play a very important part in the national economy of a country because the economic and political development of a country depends on a wide network of transportation systems. Although we have now faster and more modern means of communication and transport, railways are still the safest and the most popular means of transportation.

The early railways were not like the railways we have today. The very first railways used horses for drawing trains and were put into operation for transporting such products as coal, ore and timber. Later on, the horse railways were used as passenger transport in large cities.-But these railways did not last long.

Оnе of the first attempts to use the steam engine to draw passenger and freight trains was made in 1808 by Richard Trevithick, an Englishman, who demonstrated his working model in London. This locomotive was looked at with great interest when it ran on a circular track of iron rails. For a shilling the public could travel in a carriage drawn by the steam engine. The locomotive was called "Catch-me-who-can", and people could really catch it because it developed only 12 mph (miles per hour). But one day a rail broke and the locomotive overturned, ending Trevithick's career as an inventor.

In 1839, George Stephenson, an English inventor and engineer, built a successful steam locomotive which he called the "Rocket". This locomotive was much smaller and lighter than the steam locos developed later on, and it was much slower. However, it could draw a small train of loaded cars on the railway and developed an unheard-of speed of 13 mph (21 kph). The invention of the steam locomotives made the railway the most important of all means of transportation.

Stephenson not only constructed the world's first steam locomotive but he was also the builder of the first public railway in England - the Stockton and Darlington railway using both steam and horses as tractive power. This railway was a success and Stephenson was asked to build another railway, now steam-powered, between Liverpool and Manchester. Soon the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in England.

In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam engines in the Russian winter. Nevertheless, the first railway using steam traction was put into operation at the Nizhni Tagil metallurgical works. It was a short distance line covering only 854 metres. This railway was soon followed by another one constructed in 1837. It was a 15-mile public railway between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo. The first steam locomotive in Russia was built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, who were talented and skilled workmen of their time.

Since that time many changes have taken place on railways. Still greater changes will take place in the future. We shall run more powerful locomotives and have more comfortable cars. Greater speeds will be developed by diesel and electric locomotives operated by electronic computers. A great number of other developments which were not heard and thought of before will be introduced.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the most important function of railways?

2. What part do railways play in the national economy of a country and why?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of railways?

4. What were the early railways like? What were they used for?

5. What do you know about Richard Trevithick?

6. When was the first successful steam locomotive built? What did it look like?

7. Who built the first public railway? Where did it take place?

8. What is the first Russian experience in railway building?

9. Who invented the first steam locomotive in Russia?

10. What changes will take place on railways in future?

2. Закончите предложения.

1. Railways are of great importance to a country because ...

2. People could catch Trevithick's locomotive because ...

3. The very first railways used... and transported...

4. ... built a successful steam locomotive the "Rocket".

5. Thanks to .... Russia was one of the first countries to use steam as tractive power.

6. Stephenson constructed ...

3. Переведите выражения.

An important element of a structure; to lay the rails on granite blocks; to provide drainage; to become an important factor; to place the rails in position; a short period in the history of railways; a greater stability of the structure; the unification of the distance between the rails.

4. Дайте определения словам и словосочетаниям в левой колонке, выбрав правильный вариант  из правой.

1. permanent way                           1. the distance between the rails

2. rails                                             2. the combination of rails, ties and ballast

3. gauge                                                         3. the mechanism which moves the trains

from one track to another

4. ties (sleepers)                            4. long steel bars on which the trains run

5. switch                                           5. the place where the ends of the rails meet in

                                                          the track

6. joint                                             6. wooden supports for rails.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

a) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

Train engineers and operators typically do the following:

- Check the mechanical condition of locomotives and make adjustments when necessary

- Document issues with a train that require further inspection

- Operate locomotive engines within or between stations

Freight trains move billions of tons of goods around the country to ports where they are shipped around the world. Passenger trains transport millions of passengers and commuters to destinations around the country. Train engineers and operators are essential to keeping freight and passenger trains running properly.

All railroad occupations work together closely. Locomotive engineers travel with conductors and, sometimes, brake operators. Locomotive engineers and conductors are in constant contact and keep each other informed of any changes in the condition of the train. For more information, see the profile on railroad conductors and yardmasters.

Signal and switch operators communicate with both locomotive and rail yard engineers to make sure that trains end up where they are supposed to. All occupations are in contact with dispatchers, who give them directions on where to go and what to do.

Unit 2

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. as – как

2. propose – предпологать

3. proposal – предположение

4. few – немного, мало

5. a few – несколько

6. surface – поверхность

7. fill – наполнять

8. full – полный

9. while – пока, в то время как

10. experience – квалификация, жизненный опыт

11. cost – стоимость (цена)

12. costly – дорогой, дорогостоящий

13. construction cost – себестоимость строительства

14. coach, carriage (syn.)  – пассажирский вагон

15. narrow – узкий

16. ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать

17. frequent – частый

18. ant. rapid – быстрый

19. subway – метрополитен syn. underground

20. nowadays – сейчас, в наши дни

21. clean – чистый

22. initiate – начинать, запускать

23. initial – начальный, исходный; отправной

24. encounter – столкновение, столкнуться

25. compose of – состоять (из)

26. assist – содействовать, присутствовать

27. complete – завершать

28. still – еще, все ещё

29. handle – перевозить

30. handle the traffic – осуществлять контроль транспорта

31. average – средний

32. compare – сравнивать

33. compared with (to) – в сравнении с

34. examine – рассматривать, изучать, обследовать

35. perfect – совершенный, идеальный

36. scale – масштаб

37. on a large scale – в большом масштабе

38. continue – продовжать

39. continuous – беспрерывный, продолжительный

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS

The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The first underground system was proposed for London by Charles Pearson in 1843. But most people criticized the project. It was spoken of as a fantasy. Indeed, when constructed, the Metropolitan line, as it was called, "Was not a success. It was a short distance railway, only a few miles in length, and Londoners went on travelling by surface transport as they feared to get deep under the ground. But this situation did not last long. Wishing to attract more passengers to the underground railway Alfred Stanley, General Manager of the Metropolitan line, filled the stations with flowers and wild animals in cages.

While travelling, however, public experienced many discomforts. The tunnels were made as small as possible in order to reduce construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and narrow. No wonder that people called this underground line a 'sardine-box railway". The small windows in the trains were made in the roof so that passengers could see nothing. The oil and gas lamps used gave little light. So passengers wishing to read, while travelling, had to take candles with them. Besides, the steam locomotives filled the tunnels with steam and smoke. It was this discomfort that later on made engineers introduce electric traction for hauling trains on underground railways.

When put into service, electric trains eliminated steam and smoke and ensured a much more frequent service for passengers. Since that time the construction of great rapid subway systems in such great cities as London, New York, Berlin and Moscow has become practicable. Nowadays one of the most highly developed underground systems in the world is that of Moscow. Its beautiful architecture and cleanliness are well known. All stations are finished in marble and granite with mosaic decorations. Work on the first section from "Sokolniki" to "Central Park" was initiated in 1932. The Moscow Metro consists of a circle line with twelve stations and other lines radiating from the centre to the countryside. The total length of metro lines in Moscow is more than 300 km. Construction work is still going on.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Where was the world's first underground railway built?

2. What new transport did appear in big cities in the second half of the 19th century?

3. Why the Metropolitan line wasn't a success in its early days?

4. What discomforts did the passengers experience on the. Metropolitan line?

5. What advantages had the electric traction have when introduced on underground railways?

6. What features do the Moscow underground make one of the best systems in the world?

7. What lines does the Moscow Metro consist of?

2. Замените выделенные слова словами из словаря перед текстом.

To provide great safety of travel; high-speed railway systems; a railway of some kilometers long; the underground lines; to design a passenger car; to begin the construction of the line; to meet with many difficulties; to help metro builders; to carry a large volume of traffic; to inspect the locomotive; to be widely used on railways; to finish the experimental work; to improve the signaling equipment; expensive means of transport; to offer a plan.

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к следующим предложениям.

1. The introduction of electric traction on railways was spoken of at the end of the 19th century.

2. The first steam trains were looked at with great interest.

3. These experimental data can be relied upon.

4.The importance of railways for the economic development of a country is much written about.

5. The total length of metro lines in Moscow is more than 300 km.

6. The small windows in the trains were made in the roof.

4. Разгадайте кроссворд.

1. Railway carriages for transporting people and freight.

2. The very first railways used it for drawing trains.

3. An Englishman who demonstrated his working model of a steam engine in London in 1808.

4. The fastest means of transport.

5. It makes modern engines work.

6. Very strong.

7. A person on a journey.

8. The inventor of the world's first steam locomotive.

9. The place where students from different towns live.

10. A person who creates or designs something new.

11. The tractive power of early engines.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

A passenger train travels between stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a guard/train manager. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains can involve a variety of functions including long distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services. They even include a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right of way requirements, and service frequency. Passenger trains usually can be divided into two operations: intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas as intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours).

Intercity trains are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a dining car. Some lines also provide over-night services with sleeping cars. Some long-haul trains were given a specific name. Regional trains are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds. Commuter trains serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily commuting service.

Unit 3

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. outstanding – выдающими

2. readily – легко

3. to evolve – развивать(ся)

4. beam – балка

5. to reach – достигать, простираться

6. by means of – при помощи, посредством

7. rope – веревка, канат

8. to suspend – 1) подвешивать; 2) приостанавливать

9. rock – 1) скала; 2) горная порода

10. to lay (laid, laid) – класть, положить

11. temporary – временный

12. extremely – крайне, чрезвычайно

13. pile – свая

14. bed – русло, дно

15. basis – основа

16. to prevent – предотвращать, мешать.

17. passage – проход

18. civil – гражданский

19. project – проект

20. to take into consideration – принимать во внимание

21. local – местный

22. suitable – подходящий

23. width – ширина

24. depth – глубина

25. to erect – строить, сооружать

26. to distribute – распределять, раздавать

27. range – 1) цепь (гор); 2) пределы (колебаний, изменений)

28. to acquire – приобретать

29. circular – круглый, окружной

30. cross-section – поперечное сечение

31. to suggest – предлагать

32. to agree – соглашаться

33. actually – фактически, действительно

34. scheme – схема, план, проект

35. layer – слой

36. to penetrate – проникать

37. to share – делить

38. so far –до сих пор

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

THE HISTORY OF BRIDGE AND TUNNEL BUILDING BRIDGES

One of the outstanding statesmen once said, "There can be little doubt that in many ways the story of bridge-building is the story of civilization. By it we can readily measure an important part of a people's progress." Great rivers are important means of communication for in many parts of the world they have been, and still are, the chief roads. But they are also barriers to communication, and people have always been concerned with finding ways to cross them.

For hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-flowing rivers or deep and rocky canyons. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. From this, at a later stage, a bridge on a very simple bracket or cantilever principle was evolved. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan, and in India. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. Fur

ther ropes as handrails were added. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails.

All these bridges made possible crossings only over narrow rivers. The type of temporary floating bridge, the pontoon bridge, has been used for military purposes; military engineers can construct a temporary bridge on this principle, able to carry all the heavy equipment of a modern army, in an extremely short time.

The idea of driving wooden piles into the bed of the river in order to support a platform was put into practice 3,500 years ago. This is the basis of the 'trestle' or pile bridge which makes it possible to build a wider crossing easier for the transport of animals and goods.

With the coming of the railway in the 19th century there was a great demand for bridges, and the railways had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. In many places long lines of viaducts were built to carry railways; for instance, there are miles of brick viaducts supporting railways to London.

The next important development in bridge-building was the use of iron and, later, steel. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain.

The idea of a drawbridge, a bridge hinged so that it can be lifted by chains from inside to prevent passage, is an old one. Some Leningrad bridges were built on this principle.

A modern bridge probably demands greater skill from designer and builder than any other civil engineering project. Many things should be taken into consideration, and these may vary widely according to local conditions. In deciding what type of bridge is most suitable the designer has to consider the type and weight of the traffic, and width and depth of the gap to be bridged, the nature of the foundations and the method of erecting the bridge. The designer has to calculate carefully how the various loads would be distributed and to decide which building materials are more suitable for carrying these loads.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What did early man get an idea of a bridge from?

2. What kind of bridge is a cantilever one?

3. For what purpose is a temporary floating bridge used?

4. For what purpose are piles driven into the bed of the river?

5. Why was there a great demand for bridges in the 19th century?

6. Where was the first iron bridge built in Great Britain?

7. What are tunnels built for?

8. Where did one of the earliest tunnels pass?

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

Outstanding invention; outstanding writer; no doubt about it; to have no concern; a fallen tree; to evolve a theory; supporting beam; to get no support; to rope a box; to support a family; to lay bricks; to be secure from danger; to secure freedom; to prevent an accident; to prevent war; a bridge pile; to drive piles; the fall of an apple; civil engineer; a number of projects; although it was taken into consideration; local transport; a suitable person; the width and the depth of the

 river; to erect buildings; to distribute books; to acquire experience; circular cross-section; to suggest a scheme; to agree to such a schedule; actually different; to object to the condition; the layers of the soil; numerous cracks; to penetrate rapidly; to estimate the cost; to share losses; so far unknown; to mention the same fact; upper layer and lower layer; to reach the railway station in time; by means of sputniks; to suspend research; to be readily calculated; temporary construction; extremely difficult; to deepen the bed of the river; the basis of the economy; a narrow passage; temperature range; a demand for specialists; a gold chain.

3. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, перевод которого дан в начале ряда.

1.

товары

a) vehicle, b) stage, c) substance, d) goods

2.

значить, иметь ввиду

a) to drag, b)to mean, c) to pay, d) to justify

3.

грузовик

a) driver, b) coal, c) tube, d) traffic

4. экипаж, автобус a) safety, b) coach, c) tube, d) traffic

5. тот же самый a) in turn, b) backward, c) the same, d) total

6. колесо a) wind, b) weight, c) light, d) wheel

7. внутренний a) general, b) current, c) internal, d) excellent

8. двигатель a) engine, b)lorry, c) source, d)directly

9. из-за a) without, b) within, c) because of, d) directly

10. сгорание a) direction, b) combustion, c) collapse, d) admission

11. измерять a)to measure, b)to settle, c) to vary, d) to repair

12. почва, грунт a) step , b) strength, c) piece, d) soil

13. заряжать a) to introduce, b)to collapse, c) to charge, d) to hand

14. если не a) also, b) although, c) no matter, d) unless

15. поверхность a) delay, b) surface, c) top, d) wood

4. Найдите в каждом ряду прилагательное.

1. a)probably, b) property, c) probable, d) properly

2. a)suddenly, b)different, c)degree, d)during

3. a)excellent, b)member, c) enough, d) explanation

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

For many years of its existence London's Underground was the most popular and efficient means of public transport in the city. However, during the five years of World War II it played a far more important part in the life of England's capital than in the pre-war period.

In those hard days thousands of Londoners had to spend nights in London's Underground. Besides, many ancient books and rare collections from the British Museum spent the war in the underground tunnels. Some of the unused tunnels 5 miles in length were occupied by a factory producing airplanes.

Life for the people at the 79 stations was made as comfortable as possible. There were sleeping accommodations and a clinic at these stations. Special trains carried food supplies to 124 canteens.

The operation of London's Underground was so perfectly organized that even in the worst days of the war it was handling its normal volume of traffic during the day and was used as home by 177,000 people every night.

Great efforts were made in order to ensure a safe operation of the whole system. The underground railways had duplicate control and power supply systems. In order to reduce the danger of flooding the tunnels near the Thames were equipped with isolating doors. All London trains had special reduced lighting for use on the track sections running on the surface.

Unit 4

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. track – рельсовый путь, колея

2. lay down a track – укладывать дорогу

3. permanent way – верхнее строение пути

4. consist of – состоять (из)

5. tie (Amer.) – шпала syn. sleeper (Br.)

6. different – разный, различный

7. differ – отличаться

8. rest – подпорка, стойка, опирать, опираться; подпирать

9. heavy – тяжёлый, тяжеловесный

10. replace – заменять

11. strength – мощность, сила

12. strong – мощный, сильный ant. weak

13. (the) same – такой же

14. gauge – ширина колеи

15. for – ради, в честь, в пользу, для, за

16. joint – стык, соединение, место соединения

17. switch – стрелка

18. weight – вес

19. weigh – взвешивать

20. according to – согласно

21. almost – почти syn. nearly

22. in order to – для того, чтобы

23. last – прошлый, недавний; последний

24. support – подпирать, поддерживать, опора

25. during – в течение, в продолжение, во время

26. improve – улучшать, усовершенствовать

27. improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование

28. eliminate – удалять, устранять

29. reduce – сокращать, укорачивать

30. reduction – сокращение, укорачивание

31. smooth – гладкий, ровный; скользкий (о поверхности)

32. increase – увеличивать(ся)

33. thus – так, таким образом

34. because of – за, из-за, от

35. advantage – преимущество

36. traffic – движение; транспорт

37. to carry the traffic – транспортировать

38. volume of traffic – интенсивность движения

39. provide – доставлять, обеспечивать

40. provide for – обеспечивать средствами к существованию (кого-либо)

41. main – главный, основной

42. main line – магистраль

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

THE RAILROAD TRACK

The track is one of the basic features of a railway. It is also called the permanent way. The fact is that in the early days of railroad building the workers first had to lay temporary tracks to transport the materials to the construction site. And only after that they laid down the permanent tracks or the permanent way, as it was called. The permanent way consists of rails, ties, and ballast.

The railroad track of today is quite different from that used in the early days of railways. The first tracks had no ballast, the rails were made of wood and rested on heave blocks of granite. Then the wooden rails were replaced by iron ones, and the granite blocks were replaced by wooden ties or sleepers. This kind of track, however, was not strong enough for heavy steam trains. The discovery how to make cheap steel was of great importance for the railways for, when placed in the same tack, steel rails had a life 15 times as long as iron rails.

The distance between the rails is called the gauge. The standard gauge in most countries is 1,435 mm while in Ukraine the railroads have a gauge of 1,524 mm That gauge was finally adopted when the first main-line Moscow-St. Petersburg railway was under construction (1842 - 1851). Thus Russia was the world's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted for all railways. In America, the gauge was unified only in 1886.

The place, where the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint. The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track for nearly all the rails wear out first at the ends.

Some railroads have two or more tracks. In order to make the trains pass from one track to another the railroads have a switch which is a very important element of the track.

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic which they have to carry when placed in the track. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main-line tracks for it is these tracks which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote. The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure. They rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel, which is called ballast. Ballast is a very important element of the track for it is the ballast which supports the track structure, holds the track in position and provides needed drainage.

The history of railways is more than one century and a half. During this period the track structure has been substantially improved. One of the greatest improvements was the elimination of rail joints. In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths. These continuous or long-welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds.

Another improvement which has made it possible to increase speeds on railways is the use of concrete sleepers. Thus in some countries, concrete sleepers have replaced wooden ones on heavily used main lines because of their advantages. Concrete sleepers have a longer life and a far greater weight than those made of wood. The greater weight of concrete sleepers provides the greater stability of track. It is this factor which has greatly contributed to increased speeds.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What elements does the permanent way consist of?

2. What is the origin of the term "permanent way"?

3. What is the difference between the modern railroad track and the track of the early days of railways?

4. What is the gauge and what gauge is used on the Ukrainian railways?

5. Why is the joint the weakest part of the track?

6. What is the switch intended for?

7. What does the weight of the rails laid in the track depend on?

8. Why are the heaviest rails laid on the main-line tracks?

9. How can we make wooden ties last longer?

10. Are the ties laid upon the earth? Why aren't they?

11. Is the ballast an important element of the permanent way? Why is it important?

12. What rails make it possible to eliminate rail joints?

13. What advantages have the long-welded rails?

14. How is the greater stability of track provided on modern railways?

15. Why do concrete sleepers improve track stability?

2. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания.

The weakest part of the permanent way; to weaken the track structure; the replacement of iron rails by steel ones; to be of the same gauge; to standardize a gauge; heavy sleepers; heavy traffic; heavily-used main lines; worn-out rails and ties; the main features of the permanent way; a reduced speed; because of increased speeds; in order to provide the necessary support; to provide for a smoother running of trains; in order to increase the stability of track; to stabilize the weight of a structure; to eliminate difficulties; long-welded rails; continuous rails; to increase the weight of the rail; to weigh the rails.

3. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к следующим предложениям.

1. Railways are used as a means of freight and passenger transportation.

2. Many developments were introduced on railways to make them an efficient means of communication.

3. In the future, the locomotives will be run by computers.

4. A speed of 160 kph is developed by modern locomotives.

4. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

project, cracks, width, penetrate, objected, civil, mentioned, estimated, actually, local, further, piles, layer, so far, outstanding, to prevent, fall, doubt

1. ... in the structure may lead to its collapse. 2. A big engineering ... was suggested by a group of designers. 3. He ... to their remark. 4. The road needs widening as its ... is not enough for the modern traffic. 5. No sound could ... the thick walls of the building. 6. The people of the village could easily get to town by a ... train. 7. During the war all  ... population was evacuated from the city. 8. They had to remove a thick ... of sand before they started the construction. 9. When ... the new project proved to be cheaper and was adopted. 10. The fact that the existing roads were not properly maintained has been also ... during the discussion. 11.... this valuable information has not been received. 12. ... much more efforts were required in order to finish the work. 13. He never makes people wait, no ... he'll be in time in spite of all the difficulties. 14. The ... of the apple helped Newton to discover the theory of gravitation. 15. What is the most ... discovery of the 20th century? 16. In early times people learned to drive wooden ... into the bed of the river. 17. We must observe traffic rules ... road accidents. 18. To continue the work we must obtain ... information.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

Rail transport is one of the safest forms of land travel. Trains can travel at very high speed, but they are heavy, are unable to deviate from the track and require a great distance to stop. Possible accidents include derailment (jumping the track), a collision with another train or collision with an automobile or other vehicle at level crossings. The latter accounts for the majority of rail accidents and casualties. The most important safety measures to prevent accidents are strict operating rules, e.g. railway signaling and gates or grade separation at crossings. Train whistles, bells or horns warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains.

An important element in the safety of many high-speed inter-city networks such as Japan's Shinkansen is the fact that trains only run on dedicated railway lines, without level crossings. This effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles and pedestrians, vastly reduces the likelihood of collision with other trains and helps ensure services remain timely.

Unit 5

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. to indicate – указывать

2. elevation – высота; возвышенность

3. height – высота

4. straight – прямой

5. line – 1) линия; 2) ряд

6. area – площадь, район

7. rough – неровный, шероховатый

8. angle-угол

9. to mount – устанавливать, монтировать

10. fraction – доля; дробь

11. highway – дорога, шоссе

12. preliminary – предварительный

13. to make use of – воспользоваться

14. to alter – изменять(ся)

15. frequently – часто

16. to apply – применять

17. to fix – устанавливать

18. certain – определенный, некоторый

19. vital – жизненно необходимый, существенный

20. curve – кривая

21.

embankment

– насыпь, набережная

22.

case

– случай

23. simultaneously – одновременно

24. to check – проверять

25. with reference to – относительно

26. to utilize – использовать

27. to prefer – предпочитать

28. to accomplish – выполнять

29. otherwise – иначе, в противном случае

30. access – доступ, подход

31. explorer – исследователь

32. to investigate – исследовать

33. as – 1) так как; 2) как (в качестве); 3) когда

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

MONORAIL TRANSPORT:

FROM THE DRAWING BOARDS TO REALITY

1. In what country was the first electric monorail designed?

1. The idea of monorail transport occurred to people long ago. Back in 1897 the Russian Technical Society organized in Petersburgh a demonstration of working models. This was the first suspended electric monorail designed by engineer Ippolit Romanov.The small car powered by a miniature electric motor operated without fail.

At the beginning of the century British specialists designed «lighting trains» with the speed of 240 kph.

2. What are the most efficient forms of the monorail?

2. Most of the monorails operating in the world today are experimental. The successful functioning of these proves that they could be well used as a means of regular passenger transport. Investigations have revealed that the most effective monorails are when the cars either suspend from the rail or roll atop of it. Elevated monorails can be built either with an open or a covered rail. The wheels of the cars, with pneumatic types, roll on top of this rail.

3. What kind of monorails is suitable for the central part of Russia?

3. The choice of the type of monorail depends upon climatic conditions, terrain and the number of passengers. For example, it would be better to build suspension-type monorail with a covered-up rail in the central part of Russia and of the top type with an open rail-in the southern areas. The high-speed air-cushioned transport is more effective for long distances.

4. Why can monorails be built in a comparatively short time?

4. High speed is the main advantage of-the monorail. Today a person who lives in a large city covers some 40 km every day. The monorail trains which can do 80 km or more per hour, as compared with the approximately 15 kph speed of the tram, would save the passenger 670 hours every year. But the saving of time is far from being the only advantage of the monorail. Monorail can be laid at a comparatively short time because its construction involves little earth-moving work. And, surely, as calculations show, the construction of monorail will be about 30 per cent cheaper than that of the Metro.

5. Where can monorails be utilized?

5. Monorails supply comfortable high-speed communication between the centre of the city and the airports which are usually situated some 25-30 kilometers away.

Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev and other cities and especially industrial centres each have several satellite towns. These towns are densely populated and many people living in them go to work to the centre of the big city, which takes them one or even two hours. Monorails offer a reliable solution to this problem.

The health-resort routes running along the Black Sea coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus are an important possible field for the utilization of monorails. For example, Sochi spreads for 140 km along the sea coast. Naturally the holiday-makers must be given' an opportunity to travel up and down the resort swiftly and in comfort. Monorail is the obvious answer here too.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. In what country was the first electric monorail designed?

2. What are the most efficient forms of the monorail?

3. What kind of monorails is suitable for the central part of Russia?

4. Why can monorails be built in a comparatively short time?

5. Where can monorails be utilized?

2. Переведите следующие предложения.

1. The shorter the lever arm the greater is the effort necessary to lift the weight.

2. Both the bridge and the dam will be completed before the navigation season.

3. You can get to that part of the city either by bus or by the underground.

4. As soon as all the calculations are completed, we shall begin the tests.

5. These children know neither German nor French languages.

6. As long as you refuse to apply new methods the output will remain unchanged.

7. The strength of this synthetic material is as high as that of steel.

8. Special containers were used in order that the supply of food could be improved.

9. The sun gives us both light and heat; it gives us energy as well.

10. The investigations at the Arctic research station are carried out daily in good as well as in bad weather according to a carefully worked out plan.

11. We decided to cross the mountains so that we could reach the airfield in the day-time.

3. Прочтите интернациональные слова и дайте их русский эквивалент.

Transport, interest, specialist, million, energy, ecology, natural, comfort, limit, tourist, discipline, motor, industry, standard, to transform, proportional, result, socialist, public, analysis, social, role, control, harmony, balance, combination, fact, aspect, technological, aviation, system, progress, technical, resources, situation, economic, specialization, cooperation, individual, type, theory, function, practical, optimal, symptom, territory, colossal

4. Найдите в каждом ряду существительное и переведите его.

1. a) developing, b)development, c) developed, d) develop.

2. a) provide, b) providing, c) provision, d) provided

3. a) attend, b) attention, c) attentive, d) attending

4. a) knowledge, b) smaller, c) know, d) knows

5. a) better, b) keep, c) keeper, d) kept

6. a) finder, b) finding, c) finds, d) harder

7. a) build, b) better, c) built, d) think

8. a) behaviour, b) therefore, c) until, d) think

9. a) possible, b) way, c) throw, d) later

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания:

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

In the early years of the 19th century the idea of using steam engines to draw freight and passenger trains interested many inventors. But the history of steam traction began much earlier when an English engineer, William Murdock, built a working model of a steam locomotive in 1784. It was a baby locomotive about a foot (30,5 cm) high. It had three wheels and its boiler was heated by a spirit lamp.

One day Murdock wanted to test his engine. He lighted the spirit lamp and soon the water began boiling. The engine ran fast along the street with loud roaring. Unfortunately, nothing came of Murdock's invention because his little locomotive was thought of as the creation of the Devil.

And this is how the first steam locomotive appeared in the USA. One day in 1804 the people of Philadelphia saw a roaring and fire-breathing monster running along the street, followed by shouting boys. It was really the first steam locomotive in America, although it did not run on rails. After its short journey on land the locomotive fell down into the river and disappeared in the water.

Unit 6

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. introduction – введение, вступление

2. to mean(meant, meant) – значить; иметь в виду

3. goods – товары, груз

4. also – тоже, также

5. vehicle – экипаж, повозка, автомобиль

6. lorry – грузовик

7. coach – карета, экипаж; автобус (междугородный)

8. the same – тот (же) самый, одинаковый

9. stage – стадия, этап

10. directly – прямо, непосредственно

11. wind – ветер

12. internal – внутренний

13. combustion – сгорание

14. engine – двигатель

15. source – источник

16. to settle – 1) разрешать (вопрос); 2) поселяться

17. soil – почва, грунт

18. to beat(beat, beaten) – бить

19. backward – отсталый

20. to vary – менять, изменять

21. general – общий, обычный, главный

22. to drag – тащить

23. because of – из-за, благодаря, вследствие

24. weight – вес

25. at once – сразу, немедленно

26. to lead (led, led) – вести

27. wide – широкий

28. to pave – мостить

29. unless – если не

30. surface – поверхность

31. chiefly – главным образом

32. gradually – постепенно

33. rather – до некоторой степени, довольно

34. distance – расстояние

35. device – устройство

36. to connect – связывать

37. due – должный, надлежащий

38. to charge – 1) взимать плату; 2) заряжать

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

LAND TRANSPORT

PORTERS AND PACK ANIMALS

The most ancient people were probably wanderers. They did not live in settled homes because they did not know how to till the soil. As they moved from place to place they had to carry their goods themselves. The porters were usually the woman, probably because the men had to be ready to beat off attacks by wild beasts or enemies. Even now, to carry the household goods is the job of women in backward wandering tribes.

The next step was the use of pack animals for carrying goods. The kind of animal used varied in different places, but the general idea was the same-the bundles or baskets were carried by the animals on their backs. The dog, although too small to carry much, was probably one of the first transport animals used because of their light weight.

The next advance in land transport came with the invention of the wheel. The wheel at once led to the development of two-wheeled carts and four-wheeled carts and four- wheeled wagons and carriages, but before these could be used for carrying goods over long distances, a system of roads was necessary. These roads had to be wide enough to take a cart and paved, for unless their surface was paved the wheels sank in and the cart stuck. In Britain, and also over much Europe, the first long-distance paved roads were made by the Romans, chiefly so that troops could be marched without delay from place to place. The roads made it possible to use wheeled traffic. However, when the Roman Empire collapsed, the roads gradually got into a very bad state.

There were two problems to be solved-first, how to make good roads, and, second, to decide who was to pay for them. In Great Britain these problems were solved in the 18th century. Stretches of roads were handed over to groups called trusts. The trusts borrowed money for repairing and improving the roads, paying it back from the sums they collected from road users. This method of paying for new roads and bridges is still used, especially in the United States. Then it became possible to travel rather comfortably by coaches. I n cities like London, rich people went on horseback or walked .Then appeared carriages that could be hired for short distances. They correspond to the modern taxis. The word is short for «taxi cab» which in turn comes from the words taximeter and cabriolet. A cabriolet is a light two-wheeled carriage introduced from France in the 19th century. The taximeter is a mechanical device connected with the wheels which, by measuring the distance travelled, shows the fare due at any moment. It is also controlled by a clock so that waiting time too is charged for.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What does the world «transport» mean?

2. What are the stages of the history of transport?

3. Who were the first porters?

4. What kind of animals was used first for carrying goods?

5. What did the invention of the wheel bring?

6. Whom were the first roads made by?

7. What were the two problems to be solved?

8. What was a cabriolet like?

9. What is a taximeter like?

10. How is waiting time charged for?

2. Найдите в каждом ряду слово, противоположенное по значению первому слову ряда.

1. complicated a) expensive, b) simple , c) similar ,d) numerous

2. shortage a) current ,b) delay ,c) distance ,d) plenty

3. to remain a) to lend, b) to leave, c) to measure, d) to stretch

4. to destroy a) to drag, b) to pave, c) to restore, d) to step

5. huge a) small, b) strong, c) free, d) hard

6. shallow a) wide, b) possible, c) important, d) deep

7. to connect a) to charge, b) to collapse, c) to introduce, d) to part

8. gradually a) also, b) at once, c) chiefly, d) rather

9. repair a) pay, b) remark, c) surface, d) damage

10. the same a) due, b) total, c) different, d) essential

11. wide a) powerful, b) narrow, c) dry, d) necessary

12. strength a) combustion, b) device, c) weakness, d) force

3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

Engine, wind, delayed, charged, soil, the same, to collapse, leads, wide, mean, vehicle, weight, sources, general, handed, connected, introduced

1. He did not … anything when he said it. 2. This news comes from different … . 3. Nothing could grow in this poor dry … . 4. The steam … was invented in the 18th centuary. 5. The … plan of the development of the city was considered at a special meeting. 6. The jeep is a small light … with great freedom of movement especially for military use. 7. The method of construction is not … now as it was some years ago. It is quite different. 8. A cold … was blowing from the north-west. 9. The weight of a heavy tank caused the bridge… . 10. The train was … two hours by snow storms. 11. The paper was … over to the director. 12. He says that the road … to the forest. 13. The bridge … the two banks of the river. 14. The lorry was … to the full. 15. He is big and strong, he is twice my … . 16. She is an educated person and her interests are rather … . 17 .A new method has been … at their factory this month. 18. The … from here to the park is ten kilometers.

4. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

To mean nothing; a goods train; also successful powerful vehicle; huge lorries and coaches; the same route; an ordinary remark; numerous stages; without wind; permanent force; to manufacture car engines; internal affairs; rapid combustion; source of energy; dry soil; a backward country; general weakness; to drag along the road; to vary considerably; quick steps; to repair something at once; rather dark; measure distance; under repair ;wide connections; the Earth surface; atomic weight; in due time; in due form; to pay in full; what’s the pay; front wheel; on wheels; to wheel the car; collapse of plans; a collapsed building; without delay; rather big ;nuclear device; charged with electricity; to get the same mark; to settle the question ; because of the accident; a paved engineer; to obtain knowledge gradually; to stretch a cable.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания:

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

The combination of rails, ballast and ties is known as the railroad track. The railroad track is also called the "permanent way".

The distance between the rails is known as the railway gauge; the Russian railways have a 1,524 m.E. gauge. The mechanism which is used to move the trains from one track to another is called a switch. The place where the ends of the rails meet in the track is called a joint. The rails rest on ties. In England "ties" are called "sleepers ". The ties or sleepers are laid on a ballast which is the foundation of the railroad track. The best materials for ballast are crushed rock (broken stone) and gravel.

Unit 7

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. invention – изобретение

2. wheel – колесо

3. crude - грубый

4. trace - след

5. lighter - легче

6. spokes - спицы

7. rubber - резина

8. cart - телега

9. vehicle – транспортное средство

10. pace - шаг; темп

11. carriage- вагон

12. boiler - котел

13. due to - из-за

14. submit – подчиняться; представлять на рассмотрение

15. serf - крепостные

16. smoke-stack – дымовая труба

17. driving – вождение

18. rapid spread- быстрое распространение

19. carry -перевозить

20. boiler - котел

21. driver - водитель

22. keep - сохранить

23. electric power - электроэнергия

24. solid – твердый; крепкий

25. solve - решать

26. cover - покрывать; охватывать

27. development - развитие

28. further - дальнейший

29. prevent – мешать; предотвращать

30. believe - верить

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

THE WHEEL, STEAM, CARRIAGES AND RAILWAYS

One of mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communication, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indian until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals. At first all wheels were discs.

The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes were made. Finally, the wheels were covered with iron and with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely in the ancient world. As time passed they were made lighter, stronger, and better. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four- wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

In the West the first steam carriage was invented in France.

The three - wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minute.

The steam engine appeared in 1763.It was followed by several improved steam road carriages. Their development was prevented by railway companies. The rapid spread of railway in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometers an hour and carry passengers cheaper then horses carry them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar’s government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit project for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. It had been invented and built by the Cherepanovs, father and son, both skilful mechanics and serf, the first Russian locomotive of today. Under the boiler there were two cylinders, which turned the locomotive’s two driving wheels. At the front there was a smoke-stack, while at the back there was a platform for the driver.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What kind of animals was used for work during the Bronze Age?

2. What were the first wheels like?

3. What are the stages in the development of the wheels?

4. How many people did the first steam carriages carry?

5. Who demonstrated the first locomotive in the United Kingdom?

6. Was the Russian government interested in railway transportation?

7. What were the Cherepanovs?

8. What was the first Russian locomotive like?

2. Выберите утверждение.

1. The wheel:

1) was invented during the Stone Age;

2) was known to American Indians before the White Man came;

3) came into use during the Bronze Age.

2. In the West the first steam carriage was invented:

1) in the United Kingdom;

2) in France ;

3)in Germany.

3. The steam locomotive:

1) was cheaper than horses;

2)was not cheaper than horses;

3)was more expansive than horses.

4. The Cherepanovs were:

1) engineers;

2) scientists ;

3) mechanics.

5. The first Russian locomotive had:

1) three wheels;

2) two wheels;

3) four wheels.

3. Заполните пропуски соответствующими однокоренными словами.

consume, consumption, consumer

1. The engine … little fuel. 2. The … of fuel was low. 3. Motor industry is a great … of fuel. 4. The work on the project … almost all his time.

restricted, restrictions, restrictive

1. The consumption of energy should be … 2. The speed of motor cars on the country’s roads was… 3. There were introduced the … on fuel consumption. 4. Certain … measure were introduced.

relative, relatively, relativity, relation

1. It was a … easy task. 2. Einstein’s theory established the … of time and space. 3. He tried to established the … of time and space. 4. He tried to establish the …between these two groups of factors. 5. The speed of the comet …to the earth was great.

4. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова и переведите их.

Story, progress, communication, barrier, canyon, central, parallel, cable, lift, peak, ventilate, automobile.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

There is a great difference between the conditions in which the railway builders had to work in the past and those provided today. The construction of the Trans-Caspian railway may be a good illustration.

In the eighties of the last century a project was worked out to build with the greatest possible speed a railway near the Caspian Sea. The job was especially difficult because of the lack of drinking water. For the first 177 km the Caspian water had to be distilled and taken to the builders in large tanks.

Other difficulties with which the workers had to meet were diseases and sandstorms. The sand in mobile dunes was carried from place to place by strong winds. Great efforts were made to overcome those difficulties. In order to make the sand near the Caspian sea as hard as possible the workers poured sea water on the sand or built fences of wood to arrest the dunes. It was a hard and a time-consuming job.

The railway was planned as a standard gauge line. The rails and sleepers were all of home production. Over 22,000 people took part in the construction work. The men worked in six-hour shifts. The building materials and all the needed equipment were carried by trains that ran twice daily from the base. Every day four miles of track were laid down. It was an unheard-of speed for those days.

Unit 8

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. beyond - за (пределами), вне

2. reflect – отражать, изображать

3. quarter -четверть

4. consume– потреблять, расходовать

5. glass– стекло

6. rubber– резина, каучук

7. finally - в конце концов

8. employ– использовать; to be employed-служить, работать

9. largely– в значительной степени, широко

10. responsible– ответственный (за что-либо)

11. pollution– загрязнение

12. exact– точный

13. definition– определение

14. root– корень

15. yet - однако, всё же; ещё

16. overall– общий, весь (в целом)

17. involve – включать в себя; вовлекать; заключать, содержать, затрагивать

18. trend – тенденция, общее направление

19. consequence– последствие

20. call for– требовать, предусматривать

21. eventually – в конечном счёте

22. restrict– ограничивать

23. relative– относительный, сравнительный

24. efficiency– эффективность, производительность, коэффициент полезного действия.

25. remember– помнить

26. steep –крутой

27. result  –происходить в результате чего-либо

28. by-product–побочный продукт

29. uniformity–единообразие

30. maintenance–техническое обслуживание, эксплуатация

31. altogether -в общем, всего

32. private–частный, личный

33. sound -звук; разумный, здравый; надежный, прочный

34. application – применение

35. vast– обширный, громадный

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Man, nature, transport…What is for which and which is for whom? Who is to gain or to lose?

Interest in these problems had extended beyond the specialist to the million of men interested in the problem that have come with development. Everyone rides on some vehicle every day, of course, but besides this, in modern society-the big city energy problems, raw materials. Finally there are the problems of the distribution of manpower resources (about a fifth of the employed population in developed countries work directly or indirectly in transport), and ecology (transport is largely responsible for pollution)

So far transport research has given no exact definition of transport’s place in modern society.

To get to the root of the transport problems one must begin by understanding what society needs transport for. This seemingly simple questions has never been fully answered. Yet an answer we must have, if we are to solve the overall transport problem or even the problems involved in developing one or another system.

Now an analysis of the social role of road transport has made it possible to see the main trends of its development and forecast the consequences.

The development of road transport has called for controlled technological progress, for subordinating the technical aspects of transport to the harmonious development of transport, for a balanced combination of private and public transport.

The fact, though at first glance insignificant, that in public transport people learn to be considerate to each other is very important in the development of society-indeed, it helps to create a more friendly atmosphere.

The fast growing transport systems call for still higher costs, and it is essential that technological progress in transport should eventually coordinate the society’s transport needs with its minerals and manpower resources.

An unbalanced development of transport may lead to a situation when the economic benefits in agriculture and industry are largely swallowed by high transport costs. Therefore, unbalanced developments of both individual types of transport and public transport system may restrict their relative efficiency.

In modern society transport has grown from a weak child into a giant whose habits are hard to live with.

Everyone wants to reach a place comfortably and fast. Yet even transport engineers have user interest in transport. This is quite natural, but one must remember that the development of speed and comfort in transport can become a difficult problem-current steep rise in business; tourist and other journeys result in transport indiscipline.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What makes transport problems important to everybody?

2. What are the most important social problems connected with the car?

3. What has the development of road transport demanded?

4. What may an unbalanced development of transport lead to?

5. What does the increase of different journeys result in?

6. What are the negative aspects of the motor transport?

2. Составьте вопросы, изменив данные предложения.

1) how the idea of a monorail was first taken by the public;

2) why Brennan designed his monorail as military transport;

3) where and when I. Romanov's monorail was demonstrated;

4) why Behr's project was not realized;

5) if all existing monorails are commercial systems;

6) what the two types of monorail railroads are;

7) what the choice of the monorail type depends on;

8) what the most promising uses of monorails are;

9) what advantages monorails have;

10) what important problems are to be solved to make monorails commercially successful.

3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.

steep                                 rubber                              spare

output                               pollution                          private

quarter                              maintenance                    vast

beyond                              involves                                           avoid

ride                                    forecast                             by-product

1. As it was growing dark the tourists decided to spend the night in the village which was … the river. 2. During the … along the mountains roads the tourists enjoyed the sights. 3. The Kremlin tower clock strikes every … of an hour. 4. The life of the car depends largely on the … which must be performed by skilled mechanics in due time. 5. Tyres are made of … , which is required in great quantities for car manufacture. 6. The Sterling engine which first appeared more than 150 years ago… external combustion as in the case of a steam engine. Fuel is burned completely outside the cylinders. 7. Few countries are as heavily polluted as Japan. According to the official estimation more than one third of the urban population has suffered from some form of … in the past five years. 8. According to the weather … it will be sunny and warm during the next two days. 9. The mountain was so … that only five men from the tourist group, the strongest and most experienced ones, continued the climbing. 10. Repairs and supplies of … parts have become much easier because of the highly standardized fleet of cars. 12. Only a very experienced driver could … accident in such bad weather and road conditions. 13. The … of combustion consist of carbon dioxide, water and additives. 14. Though the number of … cars is growing in our country, the development of public transport continues to be prime importance.

4. Назовите слова, от которых образованы следующие производные слова и переведите их.

Finally, largely, consumption, reflection, rubberized, responsibility, definition, involvement, uniformity, beneficial, restriction, relatively, efficiency, application.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания:

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

The tram which disappeared in many cities before and after the war may come back.

The advantage of the tram is that it is considerably cheaper than the railway, silent in operation, free from exhaust gases and able to provide a more frequent service with more stops.

Much interest is being shown in the both Europe and America where existing system is being extended and new up-to-date vehicles are coming into service.

Studies are being carried out in my countries. Considerable mount of work has been done in the development of electric light railway systems in various parts of the world.

Unit 9

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. put forward – выдвигать, ускорять

2. believe – думать, верить

3. promising – перспективный

4.design – конструировать, проектировать, разрабатывать, конструкция, чертёж, проект

5. vehicle – транспортное средство

6. single – одиночыий, единый

7. single-track line – однопутная линия

8. purpose – цель; назначение; намерение; замисел

9. work – приводить в движение

10.suspend – (при)останавливать; временно прекращать; подвешивать

11. suspension – подвешивание; подвеска; подвесное устройство, навесное устройство

12. lack – недостаток, нужда; отсутствие (чего-л.)

13. decide – решать

14. decision – решение

15. exist – существовать; иметься в природе

16. among – среди

17. mention – упоминание; ссылка (на что-л. / кого-л.); упоминать, ссылаться (на кого-л. / что-л.)

18. choice – выбор

19. etc. – и так далее

20. consider – рассматривать; обсуждать; полагать, считать

21. similar to – подобный, схожий

22. double – двойной

23. double-track line –             двухколейная дорога; двухпутная железнодорожная линия

24. principal – главный, основной

25. link – звено, линия (связи)

26. convenient – удобный

27. achieve – достигать

28. save – охранять, защищать, ограждать (от чего-л.); беречь; экономить

29. savings – экономия

30. space – место, пространство; интервал

31. above – над, cверху ant. below

32. point (to) – показывать (на), указывать (на)

33. point out – указывать, обращать внимание

34. solve a problem – решать проблему

35. solution – решение

36. noise – шум

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

MONORAIL VEHICLES

One of the new ideas and inventions put forward in the last quarter of the 19th century was the idea of the monorail road. This idea was laughed at by many, but some people believed that it was promising.

One of the first monorails appeared in 1882 when L. Brennan, an Irishman, built an experimental monorail car. The inventor designed his car as a military vehicle for the speed at which a single rail could be laid made it ideal for military purpose. According to Brennan, these cars were to be worked by steam, petrol, or electricity.

ln 1897, the Russian technical society organized in Petersburg a demonstration of working models. One was the first suspended electric monorail designed by engineer Ippolit Romanov. The demonstration of a small car powered by a miniature motor was a success.

In 1901, Behr, one of the monorail pioneers in England, worked out a promising monorail system which was to be built between Manchester and Liverpool. It was to be a 56-km high-speed electric line, and only lack of funds stopped that project.

There exist a number of monorails operating in the world today, most of them experimental. Among them one must mention the oldest practical monorail which was built in Germany in 1901 and which is still in operation. Its 16-km track serves the city of Wuppertal handling 55,000 passengers a day.

There are two different types of monorails - a suspended type when a monorail car is suspended from an overhead single rail, and a supported type when a vehicle is supported by the track. The choice of the monorail type depends upon climatic conditions, the territory where the monorail is to be built, the number of passengers, etc.

The supporter-type monorail is considered by many the most effective type used: A supported-type 16-km demonstration line was opened in Germany in 1957. A similar system was built in the Californian Disneyland amusement park, USA. Two three-car trains were electrically driven and ran at a speed of 40 kph with a two-minute interval between trains. A number of monorails of this type are operating in different parts of the world.

There is a common idea that monorails are principally a city form of transport. The most promising use of monorails is to- link big cities with their airports. Indeed, slow road journeys to and from airports rob air travel of much of its advantage. A 13,2-km monorail, largely double-track, from the centre of Tokyo to Haneda International Airport can be considered as a successful example in this respect. Three and six-coach trains, capable of handling more than 100,000 passengers a day, covered the 13,2-km route in 15 minutes. Besides, monorails can provide high-speed communication between cities and their satellite towns and rest zones. Health-resort routes can also be serviced by monorails.

What makes monorails a convenient means of public carrier? High speed achieved by monorail vehicles is the principal advantage. But saving of space is also of great importance because a monorail can be built above ground needing space only at intervals. Although everything points out that in the future monorails may become part of our life there are some problems which are to be solved, such as instability of monorail vehicles, noise, and structural design.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1.Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How was the idea of a monorail first taken by the public?

2. Why did Brennan design his monorail as military transport?

3. Where and when was I.Romanov's monorail demonstrated?

4. Why was Behr's project not realized?

5. Are all existing monorails commercial systems?

6. What are the two types of monorail railroads?

7. What does the choice of the monorail type depend on?

8. What are the most promising uses of monorails?

9. What advantages do monorails have?

10. What important problems are to be solved to make monorails commercially successful?

2. Задайте 4 типа вопросов к следующим предложениям.

1. The new branch line will connect the metallurgical works with the port.

2. If monorails are built above the ground, they occupy very little place; so one of the monorail's advantages is the economy of space.

3. There are monorails servicing parks and airports of big cities.

4.  High speed is the main advantage of the monorail transportation means.

5. The most promising use of monorails is to link big cities with their airports.

6. High speed achieved by monorail vehicles is the principal advantage.

3. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию из текста.

the author of the monorail

the year of the invention

the country

main

characteristics

4. Выберите соответствующий перевод следующих английских слов.

1. application - применять; применение; примененный

2. consumption - потребление; потреблять; потребляющий

3. definition - определение; определять; определяющий

4. efficient - эффективный; эффективность; давать эффект

5. eventually - конечный; в конечном итоге; конец

6. involvement - вовлекать; вовлечение; вовлекающий

7. pollution - загрязнять; загрязнение; загрязняющий

8. privately - частным образом; частный; частность

9. reflection - отражающий; отражать; отражение

10. relatively - относительно; относительность; отношение

11. responsibility - ответственность; ответственный; отвечать

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

A freight train hauls cargo using freight cars specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, their use can be reduced by lack of flexibility, if there is need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery. Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its environmental profile.

Container trains have become the dominant type in the US for non-bulk haulage. Containers can easily be transshipped to other modes, such as ships and trucks, using cranes. This has succeeded the boxcar (wagon-load), where the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. The intermodal containerization of cargo has revolutionized the supply chain logistics industry, reducing ship costs significantly. In Europe, the sliding wall wagon has largely superseded the ordinary covered wagons. Other types of cars include refrigerator cars, stock cars for livestock and auto racks for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a roadrailer will allow trailers to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between road and rail.

Bulk handling represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low or even zero transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle bulk much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in open-topped cars, hopper cars and tank cars.

Unit 10

I. Прочтите и изучите слова и словосочетания.

Vocabulary

1. convenience – удобство

2. tram – трамвай

3. transmission - передача

4. approximately – приблизительно

5. instead - вместо этого

6. vocal – голосовой

7. suburb – пригород

8. route – маршрут

9. gauge - ширина колеи

10. pillars – столбы

11. girders – прогоны

12. permanent – постоянный

13. bipolar – биполярный

14. overhead – наверху

15. unipolar – однополярный

16. conduit collection - коллекция трубопровода

17. amid – среди

18. vocal protests – общественные протесты

19. return -возврат; возвращать

20. conductor – проводник

21. route – маршрут; путь

23. solve – решать

24. elevate – поднимать

25. remain – оставаться

26. transfer – передавать

27. instead – вместо

28. develop – развивать

29. power – сила; заставлять

30. modify – изменять

II. Прочтите и переведите письменно текст.

Text

FIRST TRAMWAYS

The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. The first prototype of the electric tram was developed by Ukrainian engineer Fedir Pyrotskyi. In 1875 he experimented with electrically powered railway cars on the Sestroretsk railway. The electricity was transferred over a distance of approximately one kilometer; both rails were isolated from the ground, one rail served as a direct conductor and one as a return conductor. In 1880 he modified a city two-decker horse tram to be powered by electricity instead of horses, and on 3 September 1880 this unusual form of public transport started to serve residents of Saint Petersburg, amid the vocal protests of the owners of the horse-cars. This short-lived experiment continued only until the end of September 1880.

On 16 May 1881, Werner von Siemens opened the world's first electric tramway in the suburb of Gross-Lichterfelde, (later incorporated into Berlin). The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway was built in meter gauge and ran from today's suburban station Lichterfelde Ost to the cadet school on Zehlendorfer Strasse (today Finckensteinallee). At first, the route was just a testing plant; Siemens named it an "elevated line taken down from its pillars and girders". The route was regauged to standard gauge in October 1925.

In 1883, Magnus Volk constructed his 2-foot gauge Volk's Electric Railway along the eastern seafront at Brighton, England. This 2 km (2,000 m) line, re-gauged to 2 ft 9 in (840 mm) in 1884, remains in service to this day, and is the oldest operating electric tramway in the world.

In October of the same year, the first permanent tram with transmission of electricity by a bipolar overhead line was opened in Austria.

In 1884 the electric tram FOTG from Frankfurt am Main to Offenbach was opened with rails of metre gauge all on road and a bipolar overhead line. In 1905 it was changed to standard gauge, and the overhead line became. The western part of this line is still working.

The first electric street tramway in Britain, the Blackpool Tramway, was opened on 29 September 1885 using conduit collection along Blackpool Promenade; it was later changed to overhead power supply. After 1960, this remained the only first-generation operational tramway in the UK; it remains in operation today. The most extensive systems were to be found in Birmingham, Glasgow, London, and Manchester.

III. Выполните задания.

Exercises

1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Who developed the first prototype of the electric tram?

2. When was the experiment conducted?

3. How long was short-lived experiment continued?

4. When was the world's first electric tramway opened?

5. Who constructed 2-foot gauge?

6. What can you say about rails of meter gauge all on road and a bipolar overhead line?

7. What kind of tramways of Britain is in operation today?

2. Дайте синонимы выделенным словам.

To provide great safety of travel; high-speed railway systems; a railway of some kilometres long; the underground lines; to design a passenger car; to begin the construction of the line; to meet with many difficulties; to help metro builders; to carry a large volume of traffic; to inspect the locomotive; to be widely used on railways; to finish the experimental work; to improve the signaling equipment; expensive means of transport; to offer a plan.

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

to restrict fuel consumption ; to ride very carefully ; to ride fast ;an exact definition; the increase of the output; the theory of relativity ; the method employed in final operation; the accident was largely due to the driver’s carelessness; air pollution problem; to be involved in the discussion; to climb a steep mountain; to finish necessary data; the uniformity of requirements; benefits of public transport; to be highly efficient; as a return conductor; the oldest operating electric tramway

4. Переведите предложения и опровергните их.

a) 1. Railways are used as a means of freight and passenger transportation.

2. Many developments were introduced on railways to make them an efficient means of communication.

3. In the future, the locomotives will be run by computers.

4. A speed of 160 kph is developed by modern locomotives.

5. They were told about the change in the time-table.

b)  1. The introduction of electric traction on railways was spoken of at the end of the 19th century.

2. The first steam trains were looked at with great interest.

3. These experimental data can be relied upon.

4. The importance of railways for the economic development of a country is much written about.

c)  1. The invention of the steam engine was followed by the development of steam ships and locomotives.

2. The economy of a country is influenced by transport and communication.

3. The problem of transportation must be approached from different aspects.

5. Прочтите контрольный текст и выполните к нему задания.

а) Озаглавьте текст.

b) Переведите текст письменно.

c) Составьте 3 вопроса к тексту и ответьте на них.

The change of the economic climate in Russia, the growth of cargo transfers, and the change in the types and routes of cargo that have occurred in recent years, served as a stimulus to develop the Programme to Develop Fast and High-Speed Rail Travel on Russia’s Railways to 2020. The programme was ratified on 7 June 2006.

The main aim of the programme is to make passenger trains run quicker, and to improve the quality and service of passenger trains.

Implementing the programme will allow transport links to be improved, create more attractive conditions for passengers, increase comfort and safety and reduce journey time. Creating these more attractive conditions will mean that more passengers will be encouraged to choose rail transport over air and automobile, which in turn will reduce losses on passenger trains and will also be ecologically advantageous.

Organising fast and high-speed trains will also reduce the demand for rolling stock, and will support and stimulate the scientific and intellectual potential of the country by placing orders for new world-class technology at Russian factories.

Содержание

Unit 1…………………………………………………….………4

Unit 2……………………………………………………….……8

Unit 3……………………………………………………………12

Unit 4……………………………………………………………16

Unit 5……………………………………………………………21

Unit 6……………………………………………………………25

Unit 7……………………………………………………………29

Unit 8……………………………………………………………33

Unit 9……………………………………………………………37

Unit 10…………………………………………………..………41

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АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания к выполнению контрольных

работ для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 151900 – Конструкторско-технологическое обеспечение машиностроительных производств

Составитель: Могутова Оксана Александровна

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