ВАРИАНТ 4. Контрольная по Английскому

контрольная работа 3, вар.4

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ПОЛНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ В ДЕМО ФАЙЛЕ,

ЧАСТЬ ДЛЯ ПОИСКА ДУБЛИРУЮ НИЖЕ

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

«Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет промышленных технологий и дизайна»

ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА ПЕЧАТИ И МЕДИАТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

КАФЕДРА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА И ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ЗАОЧНОЙ ФОРМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ

(БАКАЛАВРИАТ)

Дисциплина ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК

 (Английский язык)

Институт медиатехнологий

Направление 42.03.02 Журналистика

профиль Журналистика

Санкт-Петербург

2018

Составители:

Лисковец И. В., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций

Назарова Л. В., кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций

Рекомендовано на заседании кафедры

Протокол № 5 от 24.01.2018 г.

В современной языковой политике, в том числе в области иностранных языков, доминирует личностно-ориентированный подход к обучению. Одним из основных положений данного подхода является направленность на развитие личности студента как активного субъекта учебной деятельности и всесторонняя подготовка к непрерывному процессу образования, саморазвития и самосовершенствования в течение всей жизни.

В контексте этого подхода выделяется концепция автономии обучающегося и самоуправляемого обучения. Целенаправленная работа по формированию способностей студентов к самостоятельному, гибкому и творческому осуществлению учебной деятельности по овладению иностранным языком предполагает разработку специальных учебных материалов и различных форм и видов организации учебного процесса, включая самостоятельную работу студентов.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ВЫПОЛНЕНИЮ

КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

Данные методические материалы предназначены для самостоятельной работы студентов по овладению иностранным языком в неязыковом вузе и включают контрольные задания и методические рекомендации по их выполнению.

Количество контрольных заданий и график выполнения контрольных работ студентами каждого курса устанавливается учебным планом. Каждое контрольное задание предлагается в нескольких вариантах. Вариант контрольной работы для каждого студента определяется ведущим преподавателем.

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы, внимательно изучите указания по выполнению и оформлению.

Внимание: неправильно оформленные работы не рецензируются.

ТРЕБОВАНИЯ К ОФОРМЛЕНИЮ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

Выполняются письменные контрольные работы в отдельной тетради или на листах бумаги формата А4 в альбомной ориентации.

Контрольная работа должна иметь титульный лист (см. Приложение), нумерацию страниц, список использованной литературы в конце работы, а также дату ее выполнения и личную подпись студента.

Контрольная работа должна быть написана четким, понятным почерком, без исправлений. На страницах работы следует оставить поля (не менее 3 см) для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.

Материал контрольной работы следует располагать по следующему образцу:

а) в тетради

Поля

 Левая страница

 Правая страница

Поля

 Английский текст

 Русский текст

б) лист формата А4 в альбомной ориентации делится пополам

Поля

Левая часть листа

Правая часть листа

Поля

 Английский текст

Русский текст

Обязательно пишется номер задания и формулировка самого задания (см. образец). Все упражнения сопровождаются переводом на русский язык.

Выполненные контрольные работы направляются для проверки и рецензирования в адрес кафедры технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций (указан на вебсайте) в установленные сроки. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения сроков, указаний или не полностью, она не принимается для проверки. Проверенная контрольная работа, получившая оценку «допустить к зачету», не высылается студенту, а остается на кафедре технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций.

ВЫПОЛНЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ

Приступая к выполнению контрольной работы, необходимо выписать перечень тем, которые предлагаются для изучения и повторения в контрольной работе, найти их в рекомендованной литературе и изучить, а затем выполнить ряд тренировочных упражнений.

После этого внимательно просмотрите раздел контрольного задания, который называется «образец выполнения».

ИСПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАБОТЫ НА ОСНОВЕ РЕЦЕНЗИЙ

Получив от рецензента проверенные контрольные работы, внимательно прочитайте рецензию, ознакомьтесь с замечаниями и проанализируйте отмеченные в работе ошибки. Руководствуясь указаниями рецензента, проработайте еще раз необходимый учебный материал. Все предложения, в которых были обнаружены ошибки или неточности перевода, перепишите в исправленном виде в конце данной контрольной работы под заголовком «Исправление ошибок».

Проверенные и допущенные к зачету контрольные работы являются учебными документами и остаются на кафедре технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций.

Помните о том, что во время зачета или экзамена производится проверка усвоения материала, вошедшего в контрольные работы.

ПИСЬМЕННЫЕ КОНСУЛЬТАЦИИ

Можно сообщить своему рецензенту обо всех затруднениях, возникающих у вас при самостоятельном изучении иностранного языка: какие предложения в тексте вызывают затруднения при выполнении и переводе, какой раздел грамматики непонятен, какие правила, пояснения или формулировки не ясны, какие упражнения вызывают трудности и что именно в них представляется сложным. При этом укажите название учебника или учебного пособия, по которому вы занимаетесь, издательство, год издания, страницу учебника, номер упражнения. Все вопросы к преподавателю высылаются на электронный адрес кафедры технического перевода и профессиональных коммуникаций (указан на вебсайте).

САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЕ ЧТЕНИЕ

Помимо выполнения контрольных заданий в программу курса входит раздел «самостоятельное чтение». Это предполагает, что кроме знания текста своего варианта контрольной работы студенты должны также уметь читать, переводить и пересказывать тексты остальных вариантов данного контрольного задания. Проверка знания этих текстов осуществляется на занятиях зачетной и экзаменационной сессий.

ПОДГОТОВКА К ЗАЧЕТАМ И ЭКЗАМЕНАМ

Во время подготовки к зачетам или экзаменам рекомендуется:

1) повторно проработать наиболее трудные тексты для перевода;

2) просмотреть материал выполненных контрольных работ;

3) выполнить отдельные упражнения из учебника для самопроверки;

4) просмотреть задания других вариантов тех же контрольных заданий;

5) просмотреть конспекты практических занятий.

РЕКОМЕНДУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА

1.        Багров Ю. Д. Иностранный язык: английский язык. Практическая грамматика [Электронный ресурс]: учебное пособие / Багров Ю. Д. — СПб.: СПбГУПТД, 2017.— 100 c.— Режим доступа: http://publish.sutd.ru/tp_ext_inf_publish.php?id=20179126, по паролю.

2.        Бочкарева Т.С. Английский язык [Электронный ресурс]: учебное пособие по английскому языку/ Бочкарева Т.С., Чапалда К.Г.— Электрон. текстовые данные. — Оренбург: Оренбургский государственный университет, ЭБС АСВ, 2013.— 99 c. - http://www.iprbookshop.ru/30100

3. Смирнова Ю. В. Английский язык: Для студентов, обучающихся по направлению 42.03.02 Журналистика. – СПб.: СПГУТД, 2015. - http://publish.sutd.ru/tp_ext_inf_publish.php?id=3260/

4 Дроздова Т. Ю. Read & Speak English [Электронный ресурс]: учебное пособие/ Т.Ю. Дроздова, В. Г. Маилова, В. С. Николаева.— СПб.: Антология, 2014.— 320 c.— Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/42390.— ЭБС «IPRbooks», по паролю.

5 English Grammar [Электронный ресурс]: учебное пособие по грамматике английского языка для студентов неязыковых специальностей/ Ю.А. Иванова [и др.]. — Электрон. текстовые данные. — Саратов: Вузовское образование, 2015.— 213 c.— Режим доступа: http://www.iprbookshop.ru/27158.— ЭБС «IPRbooks», по паролю.

6 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. - 6th Edition. - Pearson Education Limited, 1978-2015.

РЕСУРСЫ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ СЕТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ

1. British Council: Learn English [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://britishcouncil.org/.

2 Сambridge English [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: www.cambridgeenglish.org

3 Macmillan Education [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: http://www.macmillan.ru/

4 Pearson English language Teaching [Электронный ресурс]. — Режим доступа: https://www.pearsonelt.com/

6. Информационная система «Единое окно доступа к образовательным ресурсам» [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: http://window.edu.ru/)

КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции the more... the less; the best of all, (not) as big as.

3. Числительные. Количественные и порядковые. Дроби и проценты. Даты. Валюта.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные, относительные.

5. Формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах, обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения.

7. Оборот there is/are.

8. Основные случаи словообразования.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении.

Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays traveling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places …

Миллионы людей по всему свету путешествуют во время отпуска. Они отправляются в путешествия, чтобы увидеть другие страны и континенты, современные города и руины старинных городов ……

2 Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

а) показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

б) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1) Professor Smith lectures at our University and his lectures are very popular with the students.

lectures — 3 лицо ед. числа от глагола to lecture

lectures - множественное число от имени существительного a lecture.

1) Профессор Смит читает лекции в нашем университете, а его лекции очень популярны у студентов.

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1 few/in/London/ days/ He/ will/ leave/ a/for/

will leave – Future Simple Active от глагола to leave

1 He will leave for London in a few days.

- Он поедет в Лондон через несколько дней.

4. От следующих утверждений образуйте все возможные типы вопросов:

а) общие, b) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1. We attend a briefing every Monday in the newsroom.

а) Do we attend a briefing every Monday in the newsroom?

b) Do we attend a briefing every Monday or Saturday?

с) We attend a briefing every Monday in the newsroom, don’t we?

d) What do we attend every Monday in the newsroom?

Where do we attend a briefing every Monday?

When do we attend a briefing in the newsroom?

Why do we attend a briefing every Monday in the newsroom?

e) Who attends a briefing every Monday in the newsroom?

Перевод.

5. Напишите и переведите множественное число существительных:

Book - books

книги

Match- matches

спички

Fox – foxes

лисы

Sportsman – sportsmen

спортсмены

Stratum – strata

слои

Thesis – theses

дипломы, диссертации

Formula – formulae

формулы

alumnus – alumni

выпускники

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1 People read a wide range of newspapers according to their tastes.

People do not read a wide range of newspapers according to their tastes.

1 Люди читают широкий диапазон периодических изданий в зависимости от их вкуса.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1 St. Paul’s Cathedral is one of the most famous buildings in England.

1 Собор св. Павла – одно из самых знаменитых зданий в Англии.

2 This book is more interesting than that one.

2 Эта книга интереснее той.

3 The longer the night, the shorter is the day.

3 Чем длиннее ночь, тем короче день.

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

 1 There are some lifts at a number of London tube stations.

1 На некоторых станциях метро в Лондоне имеются лифты.

2 Any bus will take you there.

2 Любой автобус довезет вас туда.

3 No sight in London is as popular as the Big Ben.

3 Никакая достопримечательность в Лондоне не сравнится по популярности с Биг Беном.

Вариант 1

1.              Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

TELEVISION AND RADIO BROADCASTING

Radio is very popular among the British. Many people rely on the radio to learn the latest news. Radio is convenient to listen to while driving a car to and from work in the morning and in the early evening. Later in the evening the British prefer to watch TV programmes.

The first public demonstration of television in Britain was given by John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor, in 1926. The first television picture that was ever seen was not exciting. But to the inventor, John Logic Baird (1888-1946), it was wonderful. Baird was always interested in science, but not all of his experiments were successful. When he was twelve years old, he and some friends built a private telephone system. It worked well, but one night a storm pulled down the wires that were stretched across the street by the boys. A man in the street was hurt and the boys’ telephone system had to be closed down.

When John finished school, he got a job in a power station that supplied electricity to the Clyde Valley in Scotland. However, once, because of his experiments, all the electricity in the Clyde Valley was cut off! That was the end of the job. Later he studied electrical engineering at the Royal Technical College and the University of Glasgow.

The main television and radio broadcasting organization in Britain is the British Broadcasting Corporation (the BBC). The BBC World Service broadcasts in English and about forty other languages of the world. There are some independent radio and television stations which compete with the BBC. A lot of people listen to local radio and watch local TV.

The BBC began the world's first high-definition TV service in 1936. The centre of the British newspaper industry is considered Fleet Street in London.

Television now plays an important role in our life. It is difficult to say if it is good or bad. It is clear that television has advantages and disadvantages.

In the first place television is an entertainment. But it is not only a convenient entertainment. For a family it is more convenient and less expensive to sit comfortably at home than to go out to find entertainment in other places. They don’t have to pay for expensive seats at the theater or cinema. They turn on the TV set and can see interesting films, concerts, football matches.

But some people think that it is a waste of time to watch TV. Those who watch TV needn’t do anything. We are passive when we watch TV. Television shows us many interesting programmes. But again there is a disadvantage here: we watch TV every evening, and it begins to dominate our lives.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

a.     показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

b.    показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

c.      показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.    Does this information involve you?

2.    She wears dark glasses in any weather.

3.    I picked up a city map at the station’s tourist information office.

4.    Michael works for Bill and Susan’s firm, who are partners.

5.    The Queen of England’s palace is a quarter of an hour’s ride from the center of London.

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1.    Denmark/Norway/the Vikings/9 century/from/arrived/and/in/the.

2.    biggest/the/London/seventh/is/city/world’s.

3.    Kings and Queens/residence/of/oldest/the/what/is/England/the/of?

4.    York/capital/the/of/was/Lower Britain/provincial?

5.      articles /likes to/ about/ write/ her/ She/ city

4. Образуйте все возможные типы вопросов:

а) общие, b) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1.    I read some blogs every morning while going to Uni.

2.    You’ll get a nice present for your birthday.

3.    He drove his new Ford yesterday.

5. Напишите множественное число существительных и переведите их.

magazine, lady, play, box, swine, fruit, crisis, stimulus, curriculum, datum.

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1.              I arrived home late last night.

2.              They translated this book in the previous year.

3.              Children usually sleep very soundly.

4.              Tom lost all his money during the credit crunch.

5.              Somebody will have shown up by six.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. It is more difficult for me to read books in English than in Russian.

2. The longest day of the year is 21 June.

3. The higher the circulation the more popular the edition is.

4. Last but not least.

5. He is by far the brightest student in our year.

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. She works at some office in the City.

2. Any student of our group can speak on history of our Institute.

3. There are no huge publishers in our region.

4. We’ve got plenty of wonderful ideas for the new website.

5. Few people live to be 100.

9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. Переведите текст.

Jack comes from …United Kingdom of …Great Britain and Northern Ireland. That’s … official name of … country, but there are … other names for it. He lives in … Highlands, which are in … northern part of the country. Jack is … friend from … school. In fact he is … best friend I have from there.

10. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              If you (not to listen) to the radio, why don’t you switch it off?

2.              Two days ago I (to talk) to him on the phone.

3.              I am writing in connection with the advertisement which (to appear) on December 3.

 11. Употребите глаголы to have или to be в нужной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              I … a headache since I got up.

2.              For centuries cricket ... the most popular English national pastime.

3.              What … you fond of? My hobby … drawing.

4.              I … no time to help you yesterday. I … very sorry about it.

5.              Our family … a rest in the countryside last summer.

12. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения.

1. Yesterday at five John … in the park.

a) walked b) was walking c) has been walking d) is walking

2. Tom is fourteen. He … fifteen in 1981.

a) will have b)was c) has d) will be

3. The Browns have got a new car. … new car is a white Volvo.

a) An b) A c) Some d) The

4. He crossed … Atlantic in no time.

a) an b) the c) - d) any

5. Who … on Saturdays?

a) do help you b) you help c) do you help d) you do help

6. Our neighbor’ sons … come here very often.

a) doesn’t b) aren’t c) don’t d) weren’t

7. My dream is to visit … Sahara.

a) the b) a c) - d) an

 8. Where … you … this weekend?

a) have … spent b) did … spend c) was … spent d) is … spent

9. We will go to the country if the weather … fine.

a) is b) was c) will be d) has been

10. In the sitting room there … a table, four chairs, a TV-set and a sofa.

a) is b) are c) has d) have

11. I wonder what time … now.

a) it is b) it was c) it has been d) is it

12. Bright … should start school as early as possible.

a) childrens b) children c) childs d) child

13. This is … room.

a) Jane and Mary’s b) Jane’s and Mary’s c) Jane’s and Mary d) Jane and Marys

14. Man … live by bread alone.

a) do not b) does not c) is not d) was not

15. … there a good connection from the airport to the city?

a) Are b) Does c) Is d) Will

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

BOOKS

Gutenberg’s work and his invention, printing with movable lead type, in the middle of the fifteenth century triggered a revolution in book production. A much greater proportion of the population had the chance to acquire education, culture, and information than had ever been possible with hand-written books. Consequently, illiteracy decreased in the following centuries. Books continued to be colored by hand even after Gutenberg’s invention, so that very colorful volumes of high quality comparable to earlier ones were still produced.

For over 500 years letterpress was the dominant printing technology for books. Only when phototypesetting and lithographic printing became widespread in the 1970s did the printed book turn into a low cost mass medium. It was not only more efficient production processes but also the availability of inexpensive paper that were decisive reasons for the breakthrough of books as mass media. The printed book developed its independent appearance over time. The form of the type used moved away from imitated script types to its own type forms.

The number of new book titles produced has grown continually since Gutenberg’s invention. Even today, in the age of electronic media, annual growth rates in book production are still recorded. With close to eighty thousand titles produced annually, Germany is one of the biggest markets for books in the world today.

The extensive range of books is classified on the one hand in terms of content; on the other, it extends from high-quality, thread-stitched leather volumes with a gilt edge to simple perfect-bound pocket books/ paperbacks. Books are offered both in one color (book printing) as well as in top-quality multicolor art publications.

BROCHURES

Along with advertising inserts, which we come across every day in newspapers and magazines, there is a large market for leaflets and product descriptions. Such printed matter is referred to as brochures. Unlike magazines and newspapers, they are not published periodically. Brochures are commercial print work. Another significant difference from newspapers or magazines is the usually low print volume of brochures.

Today, brochures are generally printed in color and are available either as folded individual sheets or bound copies. They are of better quality than newspapers. Brochures are mainly used to describe something particular (e.g., company, product). Brochures are mostly used for advertising; therefore production costs are normally borne by the advertiser and not by the reader.

OTHER PRINTED MEDIA

Packaging represents another important group of printed products. It can be made of very different materials such as paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, glass, and so on. In the first place, packaging is used to protect the actual goods inside, but it also makes for an attractive presentation. At the same time packaging is also printed on to provide information about the package content. All the major printing technologies are used for printing packaging – often in a combination of several technologies.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет

a.      показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

b.    показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

c.      показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.    He remembers that Margaret owns a villa on the Adriatic.

2.    All Beth’s money goes on clothes.

3.    I’m sorry to say that there are “friends” who delight in bringing bad news.

4.    How different are the beliefs of various peoples across the world!

5.    Derek’s brother’s name is Gregory.

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1.              Europe/originally/continental/the/came/Celts/from.

2.              the /descendants/the/are/English/all/invaders/the/of.

3.              “Britain”/of /origin/is/the/what/word/the?

4.              Saxon king Egbert/Queen Elisabeth II/the/descended /from/directly/is?

5.              shown/ documentaries/ last/ were/ TV/ on/ The/week/.

4. Образуйте все возможные типы вопросов

а) общие, в) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1.              That man has been to Australia five times.

2.              You must call your elderly parents every week.

3.              There are all modern conveniences in the cottage.

5. Напишите множественное число существительных и переведите их.

Evening, toy, lamp, woman, roof, table, horse, bench, thesis, deer.

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1.              They were at the seaside last summer.

2.              The lecture will be delivered by a visiting professor.

3.              You have to write letters.

4.              It often rains in autumn.

5.              They have visited India twice.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The more we study, the more we know. The more we know, the more we forget.

2. The days in winter are not so long as in summer.

3. This feature article is the most engaging in the whole magazine.

4. You could achieve far more impressive progress in your studies.

5. Ebooks are less expensive and more convenient than paper ones.

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. Some students in our group are going to study French as a second foreign language.

2. Have you got any English novels at home?

3. Can I have some bread and milk?

4. I don’t like to eat lots of carbohydrates.

3. Our teacher says that to master a foreign language one must read a lot.

9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. Переведите текст.

1. …recent newspaper article on … British teenagers’ use of … pocket money proves what … most parents already know. … teenager these days spends nearly all … pocket money given by … parents on … computer games.

2. … vase is a kind of pot for holding … flowers.

10. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите текст.

1.              Usually he (to spend) time with his friend, but tonight he (to go) to the theater with his aunt.

2.              The party is wonderful! … you … (to enjoy) it?

3.              I (to see) this woman on the platform yesterday. She (to sell) flowers.

4.              We (to fly) to Australia later this summer. It’s a long flight.

5.              Today is Tuesday. Rosie says she (to finish) her assignment by Saturday. We hope she will do so.

11 Употребите глаголы to have или to be в нужной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              He … a lot of trouble with his car yesterday.

2.              Their new furniture … very beautiful and expensive.

3.              I think that three days … not long enough for a good holiday.

4.              My grandfather … short gray hair but my grandmother’s hair … long and thick.

5.              Money spent on the brain … never spent in vain.

12. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения.

1.              … Professor Brown found his watch yet?

a) Did b) Has c) Had d) -

2.              I am, in every sense of the words, … man of habit.

a) the b) - c) some d) a

3.              How much … this house worth?

a) does b) is c) will d) has

4.              …breakfast on the train was awful!

a) A b) An c) The d) -

5.              …Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.

 a) The b) A c) An d) -

6.              I don’t think … him now.

a) it is necessary bothering b) there is necessary bothering

c) it is necessary to bother d) there is necessary to bother

7.              We’ve never met before, … we?

a) haven’t b) have c) are d) aren’t

8.              Your jeans … torn. Is it fashionable?

a) is b) has c) been d) are

9.              We first of all went to … Louvre.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

10.           Everybody wants to know if you … his bride.

 a) is b) was c) are d) had been

11.           Simon met his wife while she … at his hospital.

 a) work b) works c) has worked d) was working

12.           The ship sank somewhere near …Bermudas.

a) - b)a c)the d)an

13.           Turn over … page 20, please.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

14.           I … to visit this beautiful country.

a) always wants b) have always wanting c) always had wanted d) have always wanted

15. What was the result of the dispute you … in?

a) are b) were c) have been d) had been

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

PRINT MEDIA

Topical surveys on the significance and use of print media prove that the need for print media is growing worldwide. This is indicated by the fact that at the end of the millennium Time Magazine acknowledged the sociocultural significance of the invention and utilization of book printing and elected Johannes Gutenberg’s work as the most crucial event of the millennium. It is true that the age of electronic media has started; however printed information is and remains omnipresent.

The market for print products offers more variety than ever before. Usually, printed products are categorized into commercial printing and periodicals. This classification differentiates printed matter with regard to its frequency of publication. Since the production process also depends largely on these basic conditions, print shops usually specialize in one or the other market segment.

Commercial printing refers to print products that are produced occasionally (e.g., catalogs, brochures, leaflets, business cards, etc.). Periodicals are printed matter that appears periodically (e.g., newspapers, journals, magazines). Publishing houses and companies are the typical clients for periodicals printing. Another way of categorizing printed products is by splitting them into special product groups.

MAGAZINES

The range of magazines consists mainly of periodicals, including trade magazines, journals, and illustrated magazines. Trade magazines cover a limited field, thus attracting a limited specialist readership. Unlike books, production costs for magazines are not paid for exclusively by the final consumer. Often more than half of the costs are financed by advertising.

Magazines are usually published by publishing houses just like books. Unlike books, magazines usually have a shorter lifespan. This is due to the content and it is a major characteristic of the periodical. Since magazines have a limited length of use and differ from books greatly in terms of content, their external form also differs from that of books.

Magazine production differs considerably from book production. Magazines are generally multicolored booklets with a flexible cover. They often have a high circulation and are bound using simple binding processes (e.g., wire-stitching, perfect binding). Depending on the circulation, magazines are printed with sheet-fed offset or web offset.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет

a.       показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

b.     показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

c.       показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.    In Rome every building tells its own story.

2.    This man knows from his experience what it means.

3.    Boys wear their clothes out very quickly.

4.    Look at the roses in Mrs. Jones’ garden.

5.    Where does he live?

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1.              UK/Queen Elisabeth II/present/the/is/of/monarch/the?

2.              the/United Kingdom/flag/the/made up/ of/ is/crosses/three/of.

3.              famous/world/all/the/is/London/over.

4.              university/when/built/Oxford/was?

5.              drink/ coffee/ stopped/ He/ some/ to/

4. Образуйте все возможные типы вопросов:

а) общие, в) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1.              The Normans invaded Britain in 1066.

2.              Babies have five meals a day.

3.              These are my postcards.

5. Напишите множественное число существительных и переведите их.

Ring, city, fork, wife, slice, cage, trout, formula, handkerchief, bush.

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1.              It is rarely cold in Britain even in winter.

2.              I’ve already posted the letter.

3.              He’ll have guessed the crossword puzzle by the time the boss comes back.

4.              I am going to read ten chapters tomorrow.

5.              Yesterday she went to London to see a friend of hers.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. In winter we have the shortest days and the longest nights.

2. Most people say that the worst place to live would be in a big city.

3. The higher they fly, they harder they fall.

4. Fat cats get by far bigger salary than other employees.

5. I tried to write the test as fast as possible; still I was not the first in group.

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. How beautiful these flowers are! – You may take some.

2. I haven’t got any money about me.

3. Sorry, but I have no time or wish to help you.

4. We have very few English dictionaries in our library.

5. Have you done much to implement your ambition?

9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. Переведите текст.

There was … program on television about … dangers to the environment. … ozone layer will continue to disappear if we don’t find … way to stop it. …world’s weather is changing. … pollution is having … grave effect on our climate. Last week … oil tanker spilt … oil into … Marble Sea damaging the wildlife.

10. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              His only bad habit is that he (to talk) too loudly.

2.              I’m thinking of doing a postgraduate degree. What … you (to think)?

 – It’s a good idea.

3.              Scott reached the South Pole in1912 but Amundsen (to beat) him by a month.

4.              Newton made his great discovery while he (to sit) under an apple tree.

5.              The term (to finish) next Monday so we’ll be free to do what we want.

11. Употребите глаголы to have или to be в нужной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              Your glasses … on the table.

2.              My knowledge … not enough for making this experiment.

3.              Frank … a good head for figures.

4.              I think that English grammar … not easy.

5.              … you ever had an experience of telepathy?

12. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения.

1.              She is perfectly willing to listen to reason, … ?

a) is she b) isn’t she c) does she d) doesn’t she

2.              …you know where I can change my flight booking?

a) Are b) Does c) Do d) Is

3.              All historical places of London … in the West End.

 a) had been b) were c) are d) was

 They became successful … .

a) businessman b) businessmen c) businesswoman

4.              All the available … show that the revolution started in the East.

a) datum b) data c) date d) days

5.              What .. his politics? – He supports the Labour Party.

a) are b) is c) be d) am

6.              … is the main modern art museum in London.

a) Tate Gallery b) A Tate Gallery c) The Tate Gallery d) Tate gallery

7.              The acting was poor, but we enjoyed … .

a) music b) a music c) the music d) music

8.              Ill news … fast.

a) travels b) travel c) is travelling d) are travelling

9.              We … here for already half an hour. Why are they late again?

a) have been b) were c) are d) will be

10.           Last year we went … .

a) to Vienna by train at Easter b) at Easter to Vienna by train

c) by train at Easter to Vienna d) by train to Vienna at Easter

11.           A … man got up from the table and beckoned to them.

a) pleasant looking and middle-aged b) middle-aged pleasant looking

c) pleasant-looking middle aged

12.           Jack wants a new job. He … in the same job for three years.

a) has been b) was c) is d) is being

13.           He … ill twice so far this year.

a) is b) has been c) was d) is being

14.           His advice … bad. … never helped me.

a) is, it has b) are, they have, c) was, they have d) were, it has

Вариант 4

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

NEWSPAPERS

The newspaper is still one of the most significant mass media today. The first newspapers appeared at the start of the seventeenth century. Pamphlets in the sixteenth century were the precursor of the newspaper. Most newspapers are produced daily and have a high circulation. Some daily papers even appear a few times per day, to ensure that their content is very up-to-date. The two most important categories of newspapers are daily papers (dailies) and weekly papers.

The external appearance of newspapers differs considerably from that of magazines. Newspapers normally consist of large-size loose sheets. Several of these loose sheets are combined during production and form an individual section of the paper. A newspaper consists of several sections/parts with varying content called “newspaper books.”

More daily newspapers are sold per person in the UK than in almost any other country: there are twelve national daily newspapers and eleven national Sunday ones. While the more serious newspapers have a lot of home and international news, some of the more popular 'tabloids' (so called because of their size) concentrate on the more spectacular and scandalous aspects of life in Britain.

Although newspaper sales have fallen slightly over the past few years, newspapers have an important effect on public opinion. Most British newspapers are owned by big businesses and although they are not directly linked to political parties, there are strong connections. The majority of newspapers - even those which carry little serious news - are conservative in outlook.

The old image of London's Fleet Street as the centre of the newspaper printing and publishing world has changed, and in fact all the big newspapers have moved from Fleet Street to more modern premises. New technology has altered the whole shape of the industry, with changes in the production process and a reduction in the number of employees.

One of the beneficial results of computerised production has been improved graphics and photographs, a development first seen in The Independent, founded in 1986 and Britain's first new quality newspaper since the last century. The tendency has been for newspapers to become smaller but to contain more pages. Sunday papers have colour magazines and several of the dailies have weekend supplements, perhaps because people now have more time to read them. Competition for circulation is intense and newspapers have tried several methods to increase the number of people who read them, including the use of colour, competitions and national bingo games. Running a newspaper is an expensive and competitive business and several new papers started and failed during the 1980s. Overall, the number of people reading newspapers has declined in recent years.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

a.     показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

b.    показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

c.      показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.              Every generation has its way.

2.              It takes him hours to get there.

3.              Children’s toys are very attractive these days.

4.              We’ll be in Paris in three hours’ time.

5.              The fruits of nature belong to all mankind.

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1.              England/Scotland/Great Britain/and/of/Wales/consists/Northern Ireland.

2.              monarchy/a/United Kingdom/the/constitutional/is.

3.              Buckingham Palace/is/origin/the/what/of?

4.              The/ on/ year/ will/ this/ be/ documentaries/ TV.

5.              Windsor/home/kings/the/is/royal/of/?

4. Образуйте все возможные типы вопросов:  

а) общие, в) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1.              He ironed all the linen yesterday.

2.              They were at the disco last night.

3.              This pair of trousers cost seven dollars.

5. Напишите множественное число существительных и переведите их.

 Pan, baby, goat, leaf, glass, tooth, crisis, ox, axis, rose.

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1.              He smoked five cigarettes yesterday.

2.              Children are enthusiastic learners.

3.              She had to spend a lot of money on education.

4.              Cinema audiences will decline in the nearest future.

5.              I often break my glasses.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. One of the most famous places in St. Petersburg is the Hermitage.

2. My reading is much better than my spelling.

3. Of all the dictionaries available, this one is by far the best.

4. Most people believe that health is more relevant than wealth.

5. The farther we penetrated into the forest, the darker were the trees.

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. There was no ink in my fountain-pen.

2. Some three hundred delegates will gather in our city.

3. If you have any questions, ask them now.

4. There’s a little hope.

5. He is a man of few words.

9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. Переведите текст.

 1. Many years ago … famous theater was preparing for … first night … . …producer wanted … play to be … success. 2. … cup is dirty. Can I have … clean one? 3. Browns Ltd. is … large company in … Park Street. It makes … furniture.

10. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              It never (snow) much in the UK.

2.              He (to start) learning to drive three weeks ago.

3.              Don’t make so much noise when you come home. Your grandmother usually (to sleep) at that time.

4.              Today is Wednesday. On Saturday I (to give) this book to you.

5.              Don’t forget to switch on your TV set! The Prime Minister (to make) a report in Brussels at 7 o’clock tomorrow.

11. Употребите глаголы to have или to be в нужной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              Health … a priceless possession.

2.              Will you … any lectures tomorrow?

3.              Physics … my favorite subject at school.

4.              Fortunately the news … not as bad as they had expected.

5.              Your clothes … out of fashion, you should buy something new.

12. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения.

1.               My cat catches a lot of … .

 a) mouse b) mice c) the mouse d) mouses

2.              Do you know where … Embassy cinema is?

a)- b) the c) a d) an

3.              …Hyde Park is a very large park in central London.

a)- b) the c) a d) an

4.              I found my lost pen but I … for my pencil sharpener.

a) lose b) loosed c) lost d) loses

5.              Do you know what you … in your life?

a) will achieve b) achieve c) achieves d) achieved

6.              Some women tint their hair when … goes gray.

 a) they b) it c) its d) them

7.              When … “Titanic” was crossing the Atlantic she struck an iceberg.

 a)- b) a c) the d) an

8.              Your news … very important to us.

a) are b) is c) aren’t d) were

9.              At one time people believed that Columbus … America.

 a) discovers b) discovered c) had been discovered d) discover

10.           … of these magazines would you like? – This one, please.

 a) what b) how much c) why d) which

11.           My sister … interested in medicine when she was a child

 a) is b) was c) were d) will be

12.           Where … my scissors? I can’t find them.

a) is b) are c) was d) has been

13.           … all the exercises he had to do.

a) He carefully wrote b) He wrote carefully c) Carefully he wrote d) He wrote carefully

14.           Old Mr. O’Hara told a story of the … movement in Ireland.

a) woman’s b) women’s c) women d) woman

15.           Travellers saw two … in a distance.

a) oases b) oasis c) oaseses d) oasises

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA

Electronic media were developed in the twentieth century and together with printed products (print media) became important for communicating information. This trend continues today and is characterized particularly by the use of computers and the Internet. In addition to the latest developments in the Internet and World Wide Web, electronic media also include the more conventional radio and television along with the corresponding forms of storage such as video and audio recordings on CD-ROM and DVDROM as well as animations.

Electronic media, as is the case with print media, also involve a chain of creation and transmission which depends on the specific form of the media. As a rule, the first stage in this process consists in generating the contents, for instance, for recordings onto audio or video tape. In some cases, information is converted from one medium to another, such as from conventional film to video. In the case of web pages though, content can also be computer-generated, thus allowing for the use of content from both the real and the virtual worlds.

Animations may describe scenes and “tracking shots”; in the end, running an animation results in a chronological sequence of pixel images, that is, almost a video flow. The description of an animation can be considerably more compact and efficient than the transmission of the video sequence. Therefore, the actual animation may only be executed on a final output device such as a powerful presentation computer. In the preliminary phase, scripts are usually compiled (at least in a professional environment) as we know them from traditional film. In the case of electronic media products, the specific demands on the presentation must already be taken into account in the design stage. The reasons for this include the low local resolution (in comparison to print products) and the restriction of the output format (e.g., the size of the monitors or even windows within the overall monitor display).

Distribution may be in a saved form on data media (CD-ROM, video tape/audio tape, and storage medium for sound) or be live, for instance, for transmission of a concert or sports event. In both cases, an attempt is made to restrict the volume of data because of the limited capacity of the storage media or because of the limited bandwidth of communication channels. Compression techniques play an important role here. They permit the reduction of data without a noticeable loss of quality. The underlying transmission technologies may be varied, ranging from Internet connections via dedicated switched connections, such as satellite routes, or high-speed links via cable or glass fiber, to private or company networks, also with various technology (company television, Intranets).

The presentation systems, for instance, computer monitors, television screens, projector devices, audio reproduction systems (loudspeakers, headphones) are generally at the end of the transmission chain. Before these systems can respond though, coding and compression processes might have to be reversed with corresponding components (software and hardware) to represent the transmitted data. In the place of presentation systems, memory can also be found there that records the data transmitted, for instance, to reproduce it at another time.

2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова с окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет:

a.     показатель 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Simple;

b.    показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

c.      показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.    The beauty of the Internet is that you can get virtually anything that your heart desires.

2.    It’s somebody else’s idea, not mine.

3.    What does he do for a living?

4.    They got a fax from the Pakistani Prime Minister’s Office.

5.    He studies the fishes of the Atlantic.

3. Составьте предложения из данных слов. Переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1.         Greek/Latin/names/the/derives/”Britain”/word/from/and.

2.         England/Scotland/Wales/Northern Ireland/the /British/people/all/from/are/and.

3.         Windsor/for/what/is/famous?

4.         Buckingham Palace/200 years/less/is/old/than?

5.         a/ ridden/ people/ had/some/horse/ Only/ before/

4. Образуйте все возможные типы вопросов:

а) общие, в) альтернативные, с) разделительные, d) специальные, e) к подлежащему.

1.              The children swim in the river.

2.              You can do this work in two weeks.

3.              There will be a new service station here.

5. Напишите множественное число существительных и переведите их.

 Bag, pie, skirt, shelf, bus, verb, cow, sheep, mouse, phenomenon.

6. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. Переведите предложения.

1.              Someone found your purse.

2.              Yesterday we tried to fix our car.

3.              Our secretary types a great number of letters every day.

4.              There was some food left.

5.              I am tired. I will go and have a nap before dinner.

7. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. Our new accommodation is much more comfortable than the old one.

2. Who is the eldest here?

3. The farther into the forest, the thicker the trees

4. Of all the possible chances I tend to choose the slightest.

5. The devil is not as black as it is painted,

8 Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1. He can tell you much more about it.

2. There is no one here.

3. Only few know of this.

4. The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.

5. Loads of things went wrong, but least of all, I tore my shirt.

9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо. Переведите текст.

1 Once … poor woodman went to … wood, which was on … bank of … deep river. … woodman was working … whole day and got tired.

2 The center of New York is built on … island. … first Europeans who colonized … island bought it from … Indians living there for $24.

10. Откройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной временной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.                   The match (to start) 5 minutes ago.

2.                   She opened her bag and (to understand) that she (to have) no gloves.

3.                   This (be) my first time in Italy.

4.                   I (to leave) never my town. I cannot ever imagine leaving it.

5.                   He (to seem) to be a smart person.

11. Употребите глаголы to have или to be в нужной форме. Переведите предложения.

1.              It … difficult to find a job now, … it?

2.              I want … a journalist, that is why I … a university student.

3.               We … a conference tomorrow. So I … busy with my report today.

4.              The USA … various natural resources and … one of the richest countries in the world.

5.              The Soviet Union … the first country to send a man into space.

 12. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Переведите предложения.

1.                  You saw him there, …?

a) are you b) did you c) didn’t you d) wasn’t you

2.                  He … unemployed for almost a year, now he has got a good job.

a) was b) will be c) was been d) is

3.                  Are these toys …?

a) you’re b) your’s c) yours d) yourself

4.                  Kate … a cold so she cannot go out tonight.

 a) has b) had c) have d) was having

5.                  I went … .

 a) to Liverpool last year by b) by train to Liverpool last year

 c) last year to Liverpool by train d) to Liverpool by train last year

6.                  The quality of these products … excellent.

 a) is b) are c) were d) have been

7.                  The welcome news … brought by the postman.

a) are b) were c) was d) has

8.                  I am older than you, …?

a) am I b) aren’t I c) isn’t it d) wasn’t I

9.                  I don’t know … .

 a) what time is it b) what time it is c) what is it time d) what it is time

10.               Tom Thumb is a thumb-sized hero of … stories from the 16th century on.

 a) children’s b) children c) childish d) child’s

11.               … coffee is very expensive at the moment.

a) The b) A c)- d) These

12.               It’s only a short trip. I …back in a week.

a) will b) was c) have been d) will be

13.               -When… Janet recently? – I met her a few years ago.

 a) Did you met b) Did you meet c) Do you meet d) Didn’t you meet

14.               I … a terrible time last Saturday.

 a) have b) had c) has d) will have

15.               Who …?

a) at you laughs b) laughed at you c) did you laugh d) you laughed

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса:

1.              Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

2.              Система времен в английском языке. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); b) пассивный (страдательный) залог, формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

3.         Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can — to be able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.

4.         Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund - герундий, простые формы, функции, герундиальные обороты. Виды и функции инфинитива, инфинитивные обороты. Перевод на русский язык.

5.         Местоимения-заменители ONE, THAT.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1

a)     Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science

had revolutionized - Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize

а) Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки.

6) The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday.

was sent for - Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.

б) Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2

1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes.

Affecting - Participle 1, определение.

1. Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.

2. When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.

(When) heated — Participle II, обстоятельство.

2) Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется.

или При нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется.)

3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the Earth.

(Is) radiated - Participle П, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.

3. Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

JOURNALISTS IN THE UK

The UK and Ireland have an 'open' system of admission to journalism, that is, any person can become a journalist simply by becoming employed as a journalist. There are no educational requirements nor is there any necessity to join or be admitted to a professional body. The National Union of Journalists (NUJ), with 33,000 members in the UK and Ireland (of whom 3,000 approx. are in Ireland) is the body to which most journalists belong. There are about 5,000 journalists in the UK who are not members of the NUJ, most of whom are not members of any organisation for journalists.

The NUJ rules for admission are very simple: a person must be working at journalism full time or, if a freelance (or self employed) earn at least 66 percent of their earnings from journalistic work. There is no judgment about the person's ability to work as a journalist. Evidence of earnings is all that is required to establish eligibility for membership.

NEWSPAPERS IN THE UK - “Qualities”

Newspapers are the oldest of the mass media (has been there from the end of the 17th century). In the UK there are no official government newspapers. The government does not exercise any official control over the newspaper industry and most of the English newspapers are very proud of their individual styles. UK newspapers are generally grouped into three, rather historical, groups – mass market tabloids, or red-tops, middle-market tabloids, and quality broadsheets.

Quality newspapers are serious, national, daily newspapers, appealing mainly to the upper and middle classes. They are usually published in a broadsheet format. The most important papers are The Times (founded by John Walter I on January 1st, 1788), The Independent, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph contains reports on national and international news, gives a full covering of sports and other topics. The Financial Times is read mainly by professional and business people as it contains a comprehensive coverage of industry, commerce and public affairs. The Guardian gives a wide coverage of news events and reports on social issues, the arts, education, etc. The Times is the most famous newspaper. It represents the views of the establishment and is well-known for its correspondence column. The Times, the UK’s oldest national newspaper, is not the most popular – that accolade falls to The Daily Telegraph. It’s important to notice, though, that the mass-market tabloids sell up to four times as many copies as the broadsheets.

The quality papers are distinguishable easily by the unimpressive, but not confusing graphic. They could be described by the words: well written, thick and serious. They speak about current affairs and give entire and mostly impartial look of the situation.

Many of these daily newspapers have their Sunday counterparts, such as The Sunday Times, The Sunday Telegraph, The Observer (sister paper of The Guardian), Independent on Sunday, Sunday Express, etc. The national Sunday titles usually have a different layout and style to their weekly sister papers, and are produced by separate journalistic and editorial staff. They are often larger in size and thicker, contain a lot of supplementary sections and are more colourful.

In October 2003, quality broadsheet The Independent began producing what it preferred to call a compact edition – tabloid sized – along with the main broadsheet sized newspaper. This had a stunning effect on circulation – sales went up by 20% year-on-year – and The Times followed suit launching its own compact edition. Both newspapers are now exclusively available in compact form.

The Guardian, which denounced the original shift to compact, is now thought to be switching to a mid-size format between tabloid and broadsheet, known as the Berliner. This format is also possibly to be used by The Daily Telegraph, though their ownership changes have caused a delay in their adoption.

2. Задайте к тексту задания 1 пять вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, вопрос к подлежащему.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова ONE.

1.              Ten minus one is nine.

2.              If there was one thing Kate couldn’t do without it was tea.

3.              I’ll have this one.

4.              These trousers aren’t as tight as the other ones.

5.              One can get a free dinner here.

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1.              The data discussed at the seminar are of particular importance.

2.              To watch the changing world is rather interesting.

3.              Having achieved certain success in his life he decided to get married.

4.              The statement made concerned a new way of investigating.

5.              Having come to the city late at night she decided to wait for the sunrise at the airport.

6.              The cat lay sleeping on the floor.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1.              I (see) a very good film last week. …you (see) it yet?

2.              Alice (not, go) to work by bus, she lives near her office.

3.              What you (do) when your mother called you?

4.              As soon as I (hear) the results, I’ll let you know.

5.              When I arrived, the party (finish) .

6.              He (study) Russian for two years but he (not, learn) even the alphabet yet.

6. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1.              Don’t worry. I’ll look after your houseplants while you are away.

2.              They hoped their relations would take good care of the kids.

3.              The policeman showed us the way to the Tower.

4.              They may easily fool you.

5.              Ben offered the fellow a cup of tea.

7. Поставьте прилагательные/наречия в нужной по смыслу форме.

1. Which is (long) day of the year?

2. This method is (efficient) than the common one.

3. He plays tennis (bad) than she.

4. She had to give us (far) information though she didn’t want to.

5. The (much) you read the (little) you forget.

8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму герундия.

1. My piano needs tuning and polishing.

2.    We feel like celebrating today.

3.    He hates the very thought of cleaning.

4.    I like companionship. I don’t really like being alone or coming home to an empty house.

5.    What’s the reason for his being so angry?

9. Закончите предложения, выбирая правильную форму инфинитива. Укажите его функцию.

1. He has a talent to (be made/make) the best of any bad situation.

2.              I never saw anyone to (enjoy/be enjoyed) a wedding so much.

3.              This is a popular place to (be seen/see).

4.              She used to (be enjoyed /enjoy) the village life.

5.              A good education should, among other things, to (train/be trained) you to (be thought/think) for yourself.

10. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1.     It … for three hours.

a) was snowing b) snowed c) is snowing d) has been snowing

2.     By the time I retire I … here for twenty years .

a) ‘ll be working b) ‘ll work c) ‘ll have worked d) work

3.     … we leave, … we will arrive.

a) early, soon b) earlier, soon c) early, sooner d) the earlier, the sooner

4.    I am going to England … English.

a) for learning b) learning c) to learn d) to be learnt

5.     That’s … cheese I’ve ever tasted for a long time.

a) the best b) better c) good d) best

6.     Next year’s congress is going … in New York.

a) to hold b) holding c) to be held d) hold

7.     I’m really looking forward … the exam.

a) to take b) to have taken c) to taking d) taking

8.     You should avoid … during the rush hour.

a) to drive b) driving c) drive d) driven

9.     By the time I arrive I’m just too … to work.

 a) tiring b) tyre c) tired d) tyres

10. The patient looks much … today.

a) good b) best c) the best d) better

11. … into the room I saw John … at the window, but he appeared … in his papers. This man knew how … what he wanted.

a) On coming, sitting, to be absorbed, got        b) After coming, sit, to absorb, to get

c) Having come, being sit, to be absorbed, got d) On coming, sitting, to be absorbed, to get

12. I was … by hearing my own name … a whisper.

 a) awoken, having spoken by           b) awakened, spoken in

 c) awaken, speaking with                d) waken, speak with

13. One of … games is chess, which originated in India or probably China. It is a game of … tradition and is … popular.

a) old, the oldest, international b) the most ancient, old, internationally

c) the more ancient, older, internationally d) ancient, the oldest, the most international

14. … her address I could not write her letter.

 a) Not knowing b) Without knowing c) Not to know d) Not being known

15. What is the use … about this now? What is done is done.

 a) of arguing b) argument c) argue d) to argue

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

NEWSPAPERS IN THE UK - “Populars”

The popular papers have fewer pages, are written with a simple language and have very short articles with big headlines and many photos and illustrations. I think they are addressed for "not very educated" people, because one can hardly imagine somebody sophisticated with The Sun in his hands. The most important are The Sun, The Daily Mail, The Daily Mirror.

The middle-market tabloids, The Daily Mail and The Daily Express are concerned with a very different readership – that of affluent women. Weekend supplements and carefully-placed sponsorship ensure that these titles are a cheap alternative to a magazine, while sports supplements aimed at the husband aim to broaden their readership. The Daily Mail has a staunch right-wing agenda, and is lampooned by some for their over alarmist headlines, particularly about political asylum seekers. However, its formula, said by former owner Lord Northcliffe to give his readers a “daily hate”, has made The Daily Mail one of the most popular newspapers in the UK.

THE MASS-MARKET TABLOIDS

Unlike quality newspapers popular newspapers are not so serious and their stories tend to be sensational. The two most-popular newspapers are The Sun and The Daily Mirror. Bitter rivals, the papers until recently held very differing political views – The Sun being Conservative (right-wing) since the early 70’s, while The Mirror was Labour (left-wing). Both now appear to support Labour. Historically, The Sun appears to support the current government.

With the mass-market tabloids, just as in other areas of life, sex sells. The Sun is home of the famous Page Three girl – an idea used by The Mirror for a while, but dumped in the 1980’s. The Daily Star, a sister paper for the Daily Express (originally launched to use spare capacity in the Express printing presses), gives its readers regular “StarBirds” throughout its pages and the advertising catch-phrase “Oooh Ahhh Daily Star” (and is, incidentally, a relative success in comparison to The Express).

All the major UK newspapers currently have websites, which provide mostly free access to the content published in their print editions, as well as additional material.

A relatively recent phenomenon in the newspaper industry has been the free morning papers. Free weekly papers are fairly common, supported by advertising and carrying little in the way of editorial. But now, with the launch of Associated’s Metro in London, Birmingham and Leeds, a sister paper called News in Manchester, plus Manchester’s own Metro News and similar titles in Tyneside, Edinburgh and Glasgow, these newspapers thrive on public transport and in busy cities. Giving editorial almost as good as the paid-for dailies, these are a threat to the established titles.

In the United Kingdom we can also find many kinds of magazines. They cover many different interests groups: women, men, girls, fans of sports, gardening, cooking, computers, music, nudity etc. Lots of them offer free gifts to tempt the readers.

2. Задайте к тексту задания 1 пять вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, к подлежащему.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова ONE.

1.              One learns by experience.

2.              Hugh was not one to be easily fooled.

3.              We use a new method. It’s more effective than the old one.

4.              One must be careful while crossing the street.

5.              One swallow doesn’t make a summer.

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1.              The film shown in all central cinemas was worth seeing.

2.              Then another child led by her mother boarded the bus.

3.              Leaving the publishing house he felt rather tired.

4.              They couldn’t agree with his point of view expressed so illogically.

5.              Ann was shocked when she heard the news.

6.              Having been invited to the scientific conference he bought a ticket for the plane at once.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1.              I (meet) a friend while I (do) the shopping.

2.              Jane (spent) every school holiday in Scotland.

3.              How long you (know) your best friend?

4.              They had to stay at the station for the night because they (miss) the last train.

5.              If I (see) Gorge tomorrow, I (tell) him to come and speak to you.

6.              You (like) these pears? – It’s the first time I (eat) such delicious pears.

6. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1. We envy him his luck.

2. What song did they sing you?

3. Someone must call the police.

4. The boss has given us all the instructions.

5. Father promised Ted a new skateboard.

7. Поставьте прилагательные/наречия в нужной по смыслу форме.

1.              In my opinion “The Nutcracker” is (good) ballet I’ve ever seen.

2.              Do you remember (happy) day in your life?

3.              I’m sure you could do it (good).

4.              The (much) I read the (much) I know. But why do I forget so much?

5.              England is (densely) populated than Scotland and Wales. It’s one of (densely) populated parts of Great Britain.

8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму герундия.

1.              Driving a car and talking on the car phone at the same time demand care.

2.              Stop spreading the news, will you?

3.              My English teacher keeps on saying that I need to expand my vocabulary.

4.              Would you mind wiping your feet before entering?

5.              “The Cat and Fiddle” is an English pub, only worth visiting if the weather’s good.

9. Закончите предложения, выбирая правильную форму инфинитива. Укажите его функцию.

1.              She loved to (hear/be heard) of my father’s adventures when he returned home.

2.              He was delighted to (have been sent/be sent) there.

3.              “What disobedient children!” cried the old Water Rat. “They really deserve to (drown/be drowned)”.

4.              Bad habits are easy to (acquire/be acquired) and hard to (be broken/break).

5.              To (tell/be told) the truth a cigar gives me a chance to (relax/be relaxed) and to (be meditated/meditate).

10. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1.              Yesterday at five John … in the park.

a) walked b) was walking c) has been walking d) is walking

2.              Tony … make some cakes tomorrow.

a) he’ll b) want to c) is going to d) can do

3.              The government is going to provide … houses for homeless people.

a) most b) much c) few d) more

4.              What a surprise! There … a fall in the cost of living lately.

a) has been b) had been c) will be d) was

5.              In Japan the first bow of the day should be … than when you meet thereafter.

a) low b) the lowest c) lowers d) much lower

6. … the site of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers … number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely … the Games effectively.

a) Selecting, the, to stage b) Having selected, a, to have staged

c) In selecting, a, to stage d) Selected, the, to have staged

7. She kept … they must be economical … they were not rich.

a) on saying, though b) say, till c) saying, since d) to say as

8. Schliemann’s career as an archaeologist … late in his life, after he … wealth in business.

a) has begun, has accumulated b) began, had accumulated

c) had begun, accumulated d) had begun, had accumulated

9. The words “cloth” and ‘clothing” are related. … meaning fabric or textile, and … meaning fabrics used to cover the body.

a) the first, the latter b) the former, the latter

c) the former, the second d) the first , the later

10. I felt I … , but there was nobody in the sight.

a) had watched b) was watched c) was being watched d) had been watching

11. A secretary’s job isn’t always easy … .

a) to do b) of to do c) for doing d) to doing

12. I don’t want to … about politics.

a) talk b) say c) tell d) discuss

13. She pretends … born in Paris.

a) being b) to be c) that she is d) to have been

14. I’m trying to make … .

a) them to understand b) them understand

c) them understanding d) that they will understand

15. His car runs … a race car.

a) as fast as b) that fast as c) faster as d) faster like

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

NEWSPAPERS IN THE USA

Early in the 20th century, newspaper editors realized that the best way to attract readers was to give them all sides of a story, without bias. This standard of objective reporting is today one of American journalism’s most important feature.

Another dominant feature of early 20th century journalism was the creation of chains of newspapers operating under the same ownership. Nowadays all the newspapers in the U.S., with a very few exceptions, are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families.

Most general-purpose newspapers are either being printed one time a week, usually on Thursday or Friday, or are printed daily. The top five daily newspapers by circulation in 1995 were the Wall Street Journal, the USA Today, the New York Times (NYT), the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post. Weekly newspapers tend to have much smaller circulation and are more prevalent in rural communities or small towns.

There is also a global newspaper – the International Herald Tribune, which is owned jointly by the New York Times and the Washington Post and is printed via satellite in 11 cities around the world.

MAGAZINES IN THE USA

Thanks to the huge size of the English-speaking North American media market, the United States has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large American city. Most magazines are owned by one of the large media conglomerates or by one of their smaller regional brethren.

The U.S. has three leading weekly newsmagazines: TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News and World Report. Time and Newsweek are center-left while U.S. News and World Report tends to be center-right, although all three (in theory, at least) strive to provide objective news reporting and limit personal bias to the opinion pages. Time is well-known for naming a “Person of the Year” each year, while U.S. News publishes annual ratings of American colleges and universities.

The U.S. also has over a dozen major political magazines (the exact number is debatable, of course), serving every part of the political spectrum from left to right.

Finally, besides the hundreds of specialized magazines that serve the diverse interests and hobbies of the American people, there are also dozens of magazines published by professional organizations for their members, such as Communications of the ACM (for computer science specialists) and the ABA Journal (for lawyers).

INTERNET IN THE USA

The Internet has provided a means for newspapers and other media organizations to deliver news and, significantly, the means to look up old news. Some organizations only make limited amounts of their output available for free, and charge for access to the rest. Other organizations allow their archives to be freely browsed. It is possible that the latter type obtain more influence, as they are true to the spirit of freedom of information by virtue of making it free. Anyone who has followed external links only to be confronted with a pay to view banner, might attest that the reputations of organizations that charge is not enhanced by their charging policy, particularly when the same information is available from sources that don’t charge.

The Internet, by means of making available such constantly growing news archives, is, in effect, writing American history as it happens, at a level of detail never before known. While proprietary archives are slowly exposed to the public after many decades, organizations that maintain immediately-updating resources have more control over what will be remembered by the general public in the near future.

2. Задайте к тексту задания 1 пять вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, к подлежащему.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова ONE.

1.              One is never too old to learn.

2.              We’ll discuss it one day when you are feeling better.

3.              - Want a drink? – I think I’ll have one.

4.              Goodbye, dear one.

5.              –Which is your file? – The one on the upper shelf.

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1.          Having admitted she loved him she was frightened.

2.          Generally speaking, the problem is not so easy as it seems to be.

3.          Being an orphan at six, he was brought up by a distant relative.

4.          I hate people who cry over a spilt milk.

5.          He was deeply impressed in spite of the incident.

6.          The general entered the room accompanied by six senior offices.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1.          Before we (get acquainted) last year, I (hear) much about you.

2.           … you ever (tell) such terrifying stories?

3.          He asked me about what I (think) of the car he just (buy).

4.          I (think) about you all the time since we (part).

5.          Look! Somebody (try) to open the door of your car. – Oh! I (not, see) anybody.

6.          Where (be) your sister? – She ( translate) an English text in her room. She (translate) it since 10 o’clock but she (not, finish) her work yet.

6. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1.              Will the teacher dictate the text to you?

2.              They asked me a lot of interesting questions.

3.              Everyone was listening to the speaker with great attention.

4.              People are talking a lot about this young actress.

5.              One cannot learn English in a few weeks.

7. Поставьте прилагательные/наречия в нужной по смыслу форме.

1.              It is not so (hot) today as it was yesterday.

2.              This is (easy) problem I have ever solved.

3.              There is a far (exciting) atmosphere in a cinema, but it’s (expensive) than watching TV at home.

4.              Socrates was (wise) Greek of all.

5.              The ( near) the earth is, the (dense) the atmosphere is.

8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму герундия.

1.              Generally speaking, the idea is worth considering.

2.              I don’t mind being criticized when it’s fair.

3.              Reading science fiction excited my imagination.

4.              Instead of stopping the storm raged for two more days.

5.              They separated for ever without telling each other some warm words.

9. Закончите предложения, выбирая правильную форму инфинитива. Укажите его функцию.

1.              The Rolex company were the first (be developed/develop) the idea of a modern watch.

2.              She is happy (to have found/to find) a nice place ( to live/be lived).

3.              The best way (to be seen/to see) Rome is either on foot or on a bus.

4.              There are no more copies of this book (to be had/to have).

5.              TV – viewers now have the choice and freedom (to select/to be selected) from various programs.

10. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1.              You needn’t … for bread, we have plenty.

a) shop b) shopping c) to shop d) to shopping

2.              He must be very tired, he … since morning.

a) is working b) works c) had worked d) has been working

3.              He could do nothing but … our plan.

a) accept b) to accepting c) accepted d) would accept

4.              William the Conqueror is famous for … England.

a) having been conquered b) conquering c) having conquered d) conquered

5.              She asked … back as soon as possible.

a) to phone b) to being phoned c) to be phoned d) to having phoned

6.              Recently BBC experts … a new system that lets the deaf understand TV programs.

a) have invented b) invented c) to invent d) be invented

7.              Actions speak … than words.

a) more louder b) the loudest c) louder d) much loudest

8.              The opposition party … a pre-election meeting this week.

а) holding b)is holding c)was holding d)had held

9.              To catch the last train, … we can leave home at 11.

a) the least b) least c) the latest d) latest

10.           Mike felt … after the trip.

a) exhausting b) exhausted c) exhaustedly d) himself exhausted

11.           There’s … over your broken life..

a) no good to cry b) no use crying c) no point to cry d) no point in crying

12.           The first novel about Sherlock Holmes … in 1887 and … by a series of short stories. a) was appeared, was followed b) appeared, followed

c) appeared, was followed d) was appeared , followed

13.           … St.Valentine’s Day is celebrated on February 14 by the custom … greeting cards or gifts to express affection.

a) - , sending b) The, to send c) - , of sending d) The, sending

14.           She risks … everything if she follows his advice. It’s not worth … .

a) to lose, taking b) losing, to take c) losing, taking d) to lose, to take

15.           I don’t remember … you here before.

a) to see b) having seen c) that I saw d) to have seen

Вариант 4

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

THE ROLE OF JOURNALISTS

The role of journalists in British society has been altered somewhat in the public perception in recent years due to the decline in standards witnessed in many newspapers, particularly in the popular or tabloid press.

Up to 20 years ago traditional views would hold that journalists would be generally conservative and that they would stay within the bounds of observed good taste.

However, the nature of tabloid journalism has changed that. The introduction of a highly-charged marketing war between major publishers - in particular involving the titles of News International which owns five national newspapers - the Sun, the News of the World, the Times, the Sunday Times and Today — has led to an increase in sensationalism and unethical activity.

Major items of news have been fabricated while the practice of paying individuals, including criminals, for exclusive rights to their stories has been widely criticized.

THE FOURTH ESTATE

The term “fourth estate” used to describe the press. Describing journalists and the news outlets for which they work as members of the fourth estate is an acknowledgment of their influence and status among the greatest powers of a nation, as the author William Safire once wrote.

Use of the term fourth estate to describe the modern media, though, is somewhat outdated unless it is with irony given the public's mistrust of journalists and news coverage in general. Fewer than a third of news consumers say they trust the media, according to the Gallup organization.

"Before 2004, it was common for a majority of Americans to profess at least some trust in the mass media, but since then, less than half of Americans feel that way. Now, only about a third of the U.S. has any trust in the Fourth Estate, a stunning development for an institution designed to inform the public," Gallup wrote in 2016.

"The phrase lost its vividness as the other 'estates' faded from memory, and now has a musty and stilted connotation," wrote Safire, a former New York Times columnist. "In current use 'the press' usually carries with it the aura of 'freedom of the press' enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, while press critics usually label it, with a sneer, 'the media.'"

ORIGINS OF FOURTH ESTATE

The term fourth estate is often attributed to British politician Edmund Burke. Thomas Carlyle, writing in Heroes and Hero-Worship in History: "Burke said that there were three Estates in Parliament, but in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a fourth Estate more important far than them all".

The Oxford English Dictionary attributes the term fourth estate to Lord Brougham in 1823. Other attributed it to English essayist William Hazlitt. In England the three estates preceding the fourth estate were the king, the clergy and the commoners.

In the United States the term fourth estate is sometimes used to place the press alongside the three branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial. The fourth estate refers to the watchdog role of the press, one that is important to a functioning democracy.

THE ROLE OF THE FOURTH ESTATE

The First Amendment to the Constitution "frees" the press but carries with it a responsibility to be the people's watchdog. However, the traditional newspaper is threatened by shrinking readership. Television is focused on entertainment, even when it dresses it up as "news." Radio is threatened by satellites. All are confronted with the frictionless distribution enabled by the Internet, the disruptive effects of digital information. None have figured out a business model that pays for content at today's rates.

Bloggers may be great at filtering and framing information, but few have the time or resources to perform acts of investigative journalism.

from Gill, Kathy. "Definition of the Fourth Estate." ThoughtCo, Mar. 26, 2017

2. Задайте к тексту задания 1 пять вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, к подлежащему.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова ONE.

1.              One must know one’s duty.

2.              Don’t put on old shoes, put on new ones.

3.              We were given a new text. It was more difficult than the previous one.

4.              We can see a drop in morals because of the loss of hope that anything can be changed in life for the better.

5.              It’s nearly five o’clock.

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1.              When invited he always comes on time.

2.              He took part in the conference invited by his fellow-workers.

3.              I was very pensive considering it.

4.              He answered through the locked door.

5.              Having seen him unexpectedly she crossed the street to be lost in the crowd.

6.              The discovery made and the data obtained were published in “Science News’.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1.              It (rain) hard when I (wake) up yesterday.

2.              The porter said he (take) the luggage.

3.              My brother (play) hockey for five years already. He (play) for the national team in ten matches.

4.              The police officer asked me what I (do) at the time when the accident (take) place.

5.              Jane, I am so glad you (get) to my place at last. I (wait) for you all day.

6. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1.              Grandmother gave me a wonderful cookery book.

2.              The customer has to pay this bill.

3.              I’ll try but I don’t think they will listen to me.

4.              The examiner took no notice of her slip of the tongue.

5.              People speak a lot about the latest events.

7. Поставьте прилагательные/наречия в нужной по смыслу форме.

1.              Donald is (well-off) than either of his brothers.

2.              Cats are (clean) than monkeys, but monkeys are (intelligent) than cats.

3.              Have you met our new colleagues, Mr. Brown and Mr. Green? The former is an excellent economist, (late) is a good lawyer.

4.              Of two evils choose the (little).

5.              There are nine planets in our solar system and Pluto is (far).

8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму герундия.

1.              While reading a story in English, I came across many useful word combinations.

2.              He apologized to the teacher for not having done his lesson.

3.              She is busy translating some articles.

4.              You can’t become a good specialist without being trained for a long time.

5.              Swimming every day keeps me in shape.

9. Закончите предложения, выбирая правильную форму инфинитива. Укажите его функцию.

1.              She touched his shoulder as if to (stop/be stopped) him.

2.              To (make /be made) the world better has always been his aim.

3.              Miss Honey removed her spectacles and began to (polish/be polished) the lenses with a piece of tissue.

4.              There is every reason to (be believed/believe) that the child was kidnapped.

5.              The last item of the program was a grand display of fireworks to (let off/be let off) exactly at midnight.

10. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1.              She read the letter … it to pieces.

a) tore b) torn c) teared d) has teared

2.              I have got … money than I had last year.

a) most b) fewer c) least d) less

3.              Robert … in Kenya a few years ago.

a) has arrived b) arrived c) had arrived d) is arriving

4.              I don’t think he actually had … me about his problem.

a) to talk b) to tell c) telling d) to be told

5.              Dick is … than both Tom and Adam.

a) more fat b) fatter c) the fattest d) as fat

6.              You are lucky … alive after being in that accident.

a) to be b) being c) were d) had been

7.              While I … to the concert somebody knocked at my door.

a) listen b) was listening c) was listen d) have been listening

8.              I am going to retire next month and I’m looking forward to … quiet life after the pressure I … under for so many years.

a) having a , have been b) have, had been c) have, was d) having a, had been

9.              The situation is becoming … . The main thing to do now is getting … as soon as possible.

a) threatening, on b) threatened, out c) threatened, through d) threatening, away

10.           Bob is the … of the two brothers. But his younger brother is … taller than he is.

a) oldest, much more b) eldest, more c) elder, much d) older, more much

11.           It was a chance … , so we made a list of things ….

a) not miss, be taken b) not to be missed, to be taken

c) of not missing, being taken d) of not missed, to be taken

12.           He is afraid … to Mrs. Priestly. In his place I would rather … her. He may depend on her … the problem properly.

a) of speaking, trusting, understanding b) to speak, trust, understanding

c) of speaking, to trust, understanding d) to speak, to trust, to understand

13.           The train … just as he … the station.

a) came, reached b) had come, had reached

c) came, had reached d) has come, reached

14.           You are a fool … all his stories. He has made them all … .

a) to listen, out b) to hear, on c) to listen to, up d) to listen on, off

15.           I always regretted … Egypt. I can’t help … its ancient civilization.

a) not visiting, admiring b) do not visit, admire

c) not to visit, to admire d) not having visited, to have admired

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Подчеркните сказуемое в каждом предложении. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

MASS MEDIA IN JAPAN

In general the mass media of Japan has become a huge commercial business. For instance, the total circulation of daily newspapers in Japan is about 68 million. In circulation rate, it ranks first in the world. One newspaper alone has a circulation of more than eight million. It is characteristic of the situation that major papers hold a monopoly in the market.

Some 70 million TV sets are in use, amounting to one TV set for every 1,5 persons. The number of books published annually reaches 36.000, which is the fifth place in the world, following Britain. As for magazines, some 6 billion copies are issued every year.

In this situation the mass media has a considerable influence in Japan. The ruling circles have consistently strengthened interference and control of the media so as to use its influence as an instrument for reinforcing their rule. In this situation of politics and press the journalists have ever more responsibilities and tasks to handle.

JOURNALISTS IN JAPAN

There are about 62,000 full-time professional journalists in Japan. Some 32,000 of them are working in the print media and 30,000 in the electronic media.

The majority of Japanese journalists are university graduates and have to pass a very competitive examination to get employment. They are highly educated and highly talented professionals with a relatively high salary. Thus they enjoy a high social prestige and reputation.

Journalists have never needed a license except during a very short period at the time of the World War II, when the military government assumed a stricter control over the mass media.

However, there are no laws concerning the mass media and journalism in Japan except the Law of Broadcasting. The reason for this is that the Constitution states an unrestricted freedom of speech including the freedom of journalism and the press, and it is generally felt that no other statements are needed apart from these.

JOURNALISTS IN AFRICA

The status, rights and responsibilities of journalists in Africa are quite different from those existing in other parts of the world. The Union of African Journalists states that upon gaining national independence African countries found their media inexperienced and underdeveloped.

The situation is the direct result of the heritage of colonialism when all mass media had to serve only the interest of the colonial powers. Communication structures often still conform to the old colonial patterns and not to the needs and aspirations of the African peoples. Over the past two decades some steps have been taken by both national governments and international agencies to upraise the mass media and boost the capacities of existing networks. These steps have by no means been sufficient to accomplish the task of ensuring the availability of such media services as would help the realization of political, economic and social development purposes.

2. Задайте к тексту задания 1 пять вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный, к подлежащему.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова ONE.

1.              One can never tell, but to my mind he could make a fairly good husband.

2.              On the one hand it is true, on the other not quite.

3.              These gloves are a bit tight. Can you show bigger ones?

4.              One who teaches is called a teacher.

5.              One should always keep one’s word.

4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции Participle I и Participle II.

1.              This novel explores the healing power of love.

2.              Raised on Wyoming, David sometimes writes songs about sad cowboys.

3.              There was such a freezing cold wind, and such heavy rain, that we all stayed indoors.

4.              I spent the evening chatting to a visiting Russian priest.

5.              Where are you? I am totally lost without you.

6.              Having refused to accept the invitation he left the office.

5. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужной временной форме.

1.              I already (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for ten years.

2.              Kate said that she (love) children very much, that’s why she (want) to be a teacher.

3.              The phone (ring). Can you answer it?

4.              Will you ask Ann if she (take part) in the excursion next Sunday?

5.              I’m too tired to walk. I think I (take) a taxi. I’ll phone when I (be) at home.

6.              He (buy) a new house last year, but he (not, sell) his old house yet, at the moment he (have) two houses.

6. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог и переведите их.

1.              Did they offer you a good job?

2.              They have just shown you a good film.

3.              The teacher was reading a fairy-tale to the children.

4.              Have you written a letter to Father?

5.              Have the parents buy you a new bicycle?

7. Поставьте прилагательные/наречия в нужной по смыслу форме.

1.              We had rarely listened to a (absurd) proposition.

2.              There are many customers on Saturdays than on weekends.

3.              This jacket was by far (expensive) in the shop, it wasn’t as (expensive) as yours.

4.              The Park hotel is (little) fashionable than the Plaza.

5.              The (strong) the wind, the (hard) the conditions of work for weather observers.

8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму герундия.

1.    Taking a picnic in the heart of the English countryside is one of the life’s most treasured experiences.

2.    You have no reason for saying that.

3.    I don’t object to being disturbed.

4.    Besides being clever she was very beautiful.

5.    He has a bad habit of interrupting people.

9. Закончите предложения, выбирая правильную форму инфинитива. Укажите его функцию.

1. There was nothing to (fear/be feared).

2.              I dislike to (discuss/be discussed) as though I weren’t there.

3.              He finds it easy to (understand/be understood) spoken English.

4.              A witty limerick is very difficult to (be written/to write).

10. Перепишите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант.

1.              Your car costs … than mine, but it is more beautiful.

a) little b) less c) the least d) fewer

2.              My father who … recently spends all day reading the newspaper.

a) retired b) has retired c) reties d) will retire

3.              You aren’t allowed … here.

a) parking b) to park c) park d) to parking

4.              Computers can … in many fields.

a) use b) be used c) have used d) is used

5.              Brian should not ... .

a) be laughed b) laugh at c) be laughed at d) to be laughed at

6.              The figures … in The Times yesterday.

a) had referred to b) referred to c) will referred to d) were referred to

7.              … … words about the author himself, the lecturer went on … of his works.

a) saying, few, to speak b) having said, few, speaking

c) after saying, a few, to speak d) to have said, a few, speaking

8.              There is no point … to him. He is … last man in the world … by such circumstances.

a) to speak, the, to trouble b) to speak, -, being troubled

c) speaking, a, be troubled d) in speaking, the, to be troubled

9.              No one even tries to make these children … well.

a) behave b) behaving c) to behave d) behaved

10.           As a small boy he was used to … .

a) leaving in the garden alone b) leave alone in the garden

c) leave in the garden alone d) being left alone in the garden

11.           I was careful enough not to promise them … their son to Britain for summer holidays.

a) inviting b) invite c) to invite d) inviting of

12.           Without … to her, he began looking for a flat near her … house

a) telling anything, parents b) speaking something, parents’

c) talking something, parents d) saying anything, parents’

13.           The trip was … and he was … , but … ten miles .. passed.

 a) tiring, exhausting, other, were b) tiring, exhausted, another, were

c) tired, exhausting, the other, was d) tiring, exhausted, another, was

14.           Remember … your oil, water and tires before you … .

a) checking, will set off b) to check, set off

c) to checked, sat off d) having checked, will set off

15.           … much like a boot, … Italian Peninsula extends generally southeast into ... Mediterranean Sea.

a) Shaping, - , the b) Shaped, the, the c) Having shaped, -, the d) Being shaped, the, -

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1.              Формы сослагательного наклонения (The Subjunctive Mood).

2.              Союзы условных предложений. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences) трех типов. Нулевой тип (Zero Conditional) – закономерность, логика, совет. Первый тип (First Conditional / Conditional I) – предсказание, прогноз, намерение, обещание (в настоящем / будущем / прошлом). Второй тип (Second Conditional /Conditional II) – маловероятное, практически невыполнимое условие (в настоящем или будущем). Третий тип (Third Conditional / Conditional III) – невыполнимое, нереальное условие в прошлом.

3.              Независимый причастный оборот (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction).

4.              Эмфатические грамматические средства. Инверсия. Усилительные конструкции (emphatic constructions). Оборот "it is… that". Усилительное и заместительное do.

5.              Фразовые глаголы.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие различные формы сослагательного наклонения.

We e-mailed him a letter lest he might forget about our arrival.

Мы отправили ему письмо по электронной почте, чтобы он не смог забыть о нашем приезде.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

Если бы ты сделал свою работу как надо, мы не оказались бы сейчас в таком положении.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.    The article deals with microwaves, (with) particular attention being paid to radio location.

2.    (With) chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased.

3.    There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast.

1.     Статья посвящена микроволнам, причем особое внимание уделено радиолокации.

2.     После того как (так как) в сталь был добавлен хром, ее прочность и твердость увеличились.

3.     Так как на дороге было мало машин, мы ехали довольно быстро.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1. Do pay attention to this phenomenon.

2. It was he who informed us about the results of their work.

3. It was not until 1970 that he published his book.

1. Непременно / пожалуйста/ обязательно обpaтитe внимание на это явление.

2. Это он сообщил нам о результатах их работы.

3. И только в 1970 г. он опубликовал свою книгу.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

"Micinex knocks mucus out of the race"

Мисинекс нокаутирует мокроту. или Мисинекс (одним ударом) наповал сражает мокроту.

Вариант 1

1. Найдите русские слова с тем же корнем, что и английские. Сравните их значения.

Information, hospital, organization, reputation, policy, advocate, strategy, campaign, energy, film, slide, opponent, function, contrast, progress, reform, position

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие разные формы сослагательного наклонения.

1.      It is essential that they keep accurate records of every transaction.

2.      It is important that you do this report today.

3.      The speaker spoke into microphone so that everybody might hear him well.

4.      If only they knew more about the key supplier.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

1.      If I tell the boss we've got too much work, will you back me up?

2.      If I were you I would remind her about the meeting.

3.      If he had arrived in time we would not have been late for the conference.

4.      Had the election campaign been still in progress, the wage squeeze might have become an issue.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.  His duty completed, he had a leave.

2.  The economy is coming out of recession, with higher employment being the key factor.

3.  Teamwork and reliability are rewarded, with some employees doubling their base pay with incentive compensation.

4.  Agreements having been reached on important questions, it only remains to agree on some minor questions.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1.  While he didn’t go so far as to apologize, he did assume responsibility for some mistakes.

2.  Nowhere have been achieved better results as in the field of banking.

3.  What we learned is that most people fight about nothing.

4.  It was not until May that we received a letter from them.

5.  In a market economy it is customers who decide what is to be produced.

6.  Never before has the European Union invited such a large group of countries which has had such a remarkably different social and economic system.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

1.      I'm trying to figure out how to assemble the bookshelves.

2.      For security reasons you have to check in two hours before your flight.

3.      Please fill out the enclosed form and return it as soon as possible.

4.      The advertising campaign will focus on the quality of the product.

5.      She set up her own company 10 years ago.

6.      “Go with your gut feeling when choosing a carpet” ("House Beautiful")

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Просмотрите текст и определите главную мысль. Резюмируйте содержание текста в одном-двух предложениях. оставьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

WHAT IS NEWS?

1.              The nature of news is a favorite subject of discussion among journalists/ some places the emphasis on one aspect, some on another but it is generally agreed that that the essence of news is topicality, novelty and generally interest. To be news an item of information must have a bearing on affairs of the moment, it must be new for those who hear or read it, and it must arouse the interest of a considerable number of those hearers or readers. Item which possess these qualities to a marked degree are often spoken of as hard news, and are given priority by those who select and arrange the contents of the paper.

2.              The art of news gathering calls for a highly developed sense of news values. To acquire this sense the journalist must have a wide acquaintance with men affairs, a sound educational background and very considerable stock of general knowledge. For it is only thus that will be able to distinguish what is new from what is already known, and what is of topical interest from what is of little concern to the majority of his readers. And this knowledge he must keep constantly up to date by being himself an assiduous reader of newspaper and magazine.

3.              Above all, he must have his finger on the pulse of current thought and public opinion. He must be aware of what the great mass of people around him are thinking and feeling. He must never lose “the common touch”, for although he himself may move in a circle whose interests are specialized, what he writes must appeal to the man in the street.

4.              The collection of news has a highly organized in business. There is hardly a corner of the world today, which is not covered by the gigantic network of news agencies.

5.              Very briefly, the system operates thus. Local new is collected by the reporters and district representatives of provincial newspapers, and by the local staff correspondence of the national dailies. Events of national reporters are covered by staff reporters of the national dailies and by special correspondence of both the national and provincial press.

6.              In addition, home news is reported by district correspondents of the news agencies, notably the Press Association, the Exchange Telegraph and Central News. Foreign news is gathered by Reuters news agency and by the foreign correspondents employed by the national dailies and some of the larger provincial papers. Items of interest to particular sections of the community (e.g. trade and technical news) are gathered by a smaller news agencies operating in different parts of the country.

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту письменно.

1.              What is the favorite subject of discussion among journalists?

2.              What does it mean “to be of general interest”?

3.              What other qualities must news possess?

4.              Why must the journalists have a wide acquaintance with men and affairs?

5.              Why is it essential to be aware of what the great mass of people is thinking?

6.              Is the collection of news a highly organized business? Why?

7.              Who gathers information about provincial and foreign life?

8.              Who employs the foreign correspondents?

9. Напишите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям:

To place the emphasis on something, topically, novelty, the essence of news, to have a bearing on the affairs, to possess some qualities, to a marked degree, to give priority to something, to select and arrange the contents of the newspaper, to acquire a highly developed sense of news values, a sound educational background, a considerable stock of knowledge, to be of little concern, to appeal, to above all, district representatives of provincial newspapers, local staff correspondents of the national dailies, home news, foreign news.

10. Обсудите и запишите ваши идеи по следующим темам, используя выражения, приведенные ниже.

1.         The nature of news. Phrases to be used: a favorite subject of discussions, to place the emphasis on, topically, novelty, and general interest, to have a bearing on the affairs of the moment, to arouse interest, to give priority, to select and arrange the contents of the paper.

2.         The art of news gathering. Phrases to be used: a highly developed sense of news values, a wide acquaintance with men affairs, a sound education background, a very considerable stock of general knowledge, to be able to distinguish, to be interest to, to be of little concern to, to keep up to date, to have one’s finger on the pulse of current thought and public opinion, to be aware of, to appeal to the main in the street.

3.         The collection of news. Phrases to be used: highly organized business, to be covered by gigantic network, local and national newspapers, news-gatherers, news agencies, local news, provincial news papers, local staff correspondents, items of interests to particular sections of the community.

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие разные формы сослагательного наклонения.

1.      It is necessary that the partner sign these obligations.

2.      We wished the prices had not soared then.

3.      It was required that we went back to the first item of the agenda.

4.      The new CEO addressed the employees as if he had known them for years.

2. Объедините следующие предложения, используя подходящую форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.              It’s very cold. We can’t bathe.

2.              The boy is very young. He can’t have a front-door key.

3.              It’s too dark. We couldn’t see the car.

4.              I sent the son out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with a headmaster.

5.              He sent his children to his sister’s house/ he wanted o have some peace.

6.              Don’t let the baby to play with my glasses/ he may break them/

7.              We must take our gloves. We don’t want to get frozen.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

1.    If he asks me, I will consider his proposal carefully.

2.    If you updated expanded your CV we’d get more information about your professional experience, skills and potential.

3.    If we had worked a new marketing strategy a year ago, we would succeed now.

4.    Had this policy been adopted, the subsequent history of the treaty might well have been quite different.

4 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.    There being no objections, the resolution was adopted.

2.    China and India are incredibly energy-deficient, with China importing almost 50% of its oil needs and India more than 70%.

3.    The companies must be privatized, with no more than 10% of their shares remaining in government hands.

4.    The exchange rate being favourable, they bought the dollars.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1.    These rules do largely apply to most people, regardless how well-known or important they are.

2.    No management idea, no matter how good, will work in practice if it doesn’t fit the culture.

3.    It was not until 1970 that he published his book.

4.    It’s discrimination. That’s what I call it.

5.    Not only is their study larger and more rigorous than any previous one, it suggests that following analysts’ share tips can be hugely profitable.

6.    Opportunities for individuals are increased, as are the freedom and range of alternatives available to individuals.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

1.    It is recommended to back up all files in a secure location.

2.    The project came up against a lot of criticism.

3.    It's difficult to get by on a low salary.

4.    I'll have to think over the proposal before I decide.

5.    The meeting was put off because of the strike.

6.    “You grew up. Your skin is still rebelling. Until now.” (OLAY)

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Просмотрите текст и определите главную мысль. Резюмируйте содержание текста в одном-двух предложениях. Составьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

PRESS CONFERENCE

1.              Persons who know they are to be interviewed by the press often arrange for formal interviews at which representatives of all the newspapers in the community are present. From the standpoint of the reporter, such as interview is undesirable because none of the information he obtains is exclusive.

2.              An advantage of the formal interview, however, lies in fact that there are several minds thinking up questions to ask. Frequently the person to be interviewed announces in advance that these questions must be prepared in writing and submitted some time before the hour of the interview. The procedure permits the reporter to know exactly what the subject matter of the interview is to be, but it also allows the interviewee to prepare guarded answers to questions which, if presented spontaneously, might bring forth answers more to be reporter’s liking.

3.              Even when interviewing the person in the company of other reporters, it is possible to obtain material on which to write a different story from those which the other will write. The keenest listener and the sharpest wit present write the best story. Comparison of several write-ups based on a joint interview often discloses different methods of handling the subject. One reporter plays up one statement and the other reporter picks an entirely different one foe his feature. Still a third writer concentrates on the personality of the interviewee rather than upon his remarks/

4.              Sometimes it is possible to loiter for a minute or two at the end of a group interview to get a quick answer to an exclusive question.

8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту.

1.              How are formal interviews usually arranged?

2.              Why is such interview undesirable from the standpoint of the reporter?

3.              What is the advantage of the formal interview?

4.              What does the person to be interviewed announced in advance?

5.              What does the procedure permit the reporter and the interviewee to do?

6.              Why do you think it is possible to write some exclusive material after a formal interview?

7.              Who usually writes the best story?

8.              What different methods of handling the subject can be used?

9.              How can one get a quick answer to an exclusive question?

9. Напишите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям.

Formal interview, representative, standpoint, undesirable, obtain, exclusive, announce in advance, submit some time, procedure, interviewee, guarded, questions, spontaneously, forth answers, keenest, sharpest wit, joint interview, disclose.

10. Выразите свою точку зрения по следующим темам. Напишите 2-3 предложения по каждой теме.

Describe the most popular traditions of Russian culture.

Can you give some tips for tourists coming to St. Petersburg?

Tell us about the Higher School of Print and Media Technologies.

Can you speak on the best features of any outstanding work of art?

What is your favourite museum? Why? How often do you visit it?

What is the most recent exhibition you could recommend to visit and why?

Вариант 3

1. Подберите синонимы и переведите на русский язык.

A: formidable, to seize upon, to keep up, to portray, to tabulate, vehicle, to be aware of, constituent, community, to earn

B: to deserve, to chart, to be familiar with, society, to maintain, impressive, to pounce upon, means, voter, to depict

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие разные формы сослагательного наклонения.

1.    It is important to analyze incomes within a country so that the target audience was defined appropriately.

2.    It is time you learned the company policy and procedures.

3.    We wished the delegation arrived by morning train.

4.    The CEO insisted that the promotion campaign should be launched as early as possible.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

1.    If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.

2.    If he even addressed to the attendants now, he wouldn’t be supported by the majority at the meeting.

3.    If we had made a detailed business plan then, we could dispose of waste now.

4.    Had the supply side of the economy been in better shape, a slowdown in demand growth would have been only temporary.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.    The choice having been made, all the other alternatives have been rejected.

2.    With everyone seeking to maximize gain while minimizing cost, people are unwilling to give something in exchange for nothing.

3.    With two-thirds of its production going to the home market, the Russian natural gas behemoth [Gazprom] traditionally has been more of a domestic and regional player than a global one.

4.    The letter having been delayed, the news reached us too late.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1.    Since money was constantly on his mind, he did mention financial goals.

2.    PR manager insisted that Coca-Cola’s drinks did not, nor could they possibly, pose a health hazard.

3.    Whatever you are selling to the company, you learn more about it.

4.    It was he who informed us about the results of their work.

5.    What was extremely important for us was to get that contract.

6.    Not only were prices more volatile, but the supply in the market increased.

7.    The people in the newsroom seemed happy, though not until I spent some time with them did I begin to comprehend why.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

1.    Some employees make up excuses when they arrive late for work.

2.    He applied for the job he saw advertised in the newspaper.

3.    I hope you can account for the money you spent!

4.    An agreement was drawn up and signed by the two parties.

5.    I'll lend you €20 provided you pay me back before the end of the week.

6.    “You'll never go back to ordinary TV” (Philips)

7. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Просмотрите текст и определите главную мысль. Резюмируйте содержание текста в одном-двух предложениях. оставьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

NEWS CONFERENCE

1.                   News conferences are structured opportunities to release news simultaneously to all media. They should be used only when the news is important and when interaction is required to promote understanding of complex of controversial topics. Unless the event is extremely newsworthy and simple cannot be handled through releases, or unless there is someone newsworthy to interview, do not call the conference.

2.                   For those rare occasions when news conferences are appropriate the following guide will help assure success.

3.                   Plan the event carefully. Invite all representatives of all media that may have an interest far enough in advance for editors to plan to send reporters and photographers. Select an appropriate site close to the event being covered and convenient for major media (hotel, press club, airport boardroom – never PR office). Check foe enough electrical outlets and telephones. Time the conference to accommodate major media deadlines. Make certain you prepare enough handout material for everyone. Prepare any visuals that maybe used so that they will photograph well from any place in the room. Prepare a poster of the organization’s logo or name to go over the one of the speaker’s stand if you use a rented facility. Plan to phone major media the morning or afternoon before the conference as a reminder. Simple refreshments are generally a nice touch.

4.                   Prepare executives and other to be interviewed. Make certain they understand the topics that will be discussed. Help them anticipate for difficult and touchy questions. If they do not know the answer, they should say so and offer to find out. If the answer to the question is considered proprietary information, they should state that it is not for public disclosure. Cultivate a pleasant, cooperative attitude among those who will be interviewed. If they are afraid of or resent the media, it will show. Advise them to avoid off-the-record comments.

5.                   Public relations practitioners are the directors and stage managers. Keep the meeting moving and interesting, but do not take over the jobs of the media. Try to keep relationships cordial and professional even in the heat of questioning. Never take obvious control of the meeting unless things get out of hand.

6.                   Public relations practitioners increasingly are using social science techniques in their work. They are expected to know about surveys, data searches and content analysis and how to conduct telephone and personal interviews.

7.                   The relationship between journalists and public relation practitioners is a difficult one. If practitioners understand the media and the reporter’s role, however, positive relationships can be developed that are beneficial to all.

8.                   Once positive relations are established, several steps should be taken to use them effectively. Developing appropriate attitude, setting goals, planning and performing adequate research are essential aspects of successful media relations.

9.                   Specific techniques for communicating with the media include publicity releases, news kits, newsrooms, interviews and news conferences. All of these approaches must be used judiciously – for publicity may backfire. Inappropriate publicity efforts can injure the relations that have been built over time with the media and the public.

8. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.              What opportunities do news conferences offer?

2.              When should they be used?

3.              What topics are covered at news conferences?

4.              What are the first steps in organizing the news conference?

5.              What must you prepare before the meeting with media?

6.              How can you help the executives prepare foe journalist’s questions?

7.              Why it is so important to cultivate a pleasant and corporative attitude of the interviewee?

8.              What are the recommendations you can add?

9.              How must PR practitioners work during news conferences?

10.           What things are PR practitioners advised not to do?

11.           How can positive relations between journalists and PR practitioners be developed?

12.           What are essential aspects of successful media relations?

9. Напишите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям.

Interaction is required, there’s someone newsworthy to interview, call a conference, event being covered, check for, anticipate and prepare for, find out, cooperative attitude, avoid off- the- record comments, keep the meeting moving and interesting, take control of, setting goals, essential aspects, inappropriate efforts, injure.

10. Письменно выполните следующее задание:

You are going to call a news conference.

What points should you take into consideration?

What arrangements will help you assure success?

Write 8 or 10 sentences and prepare to make a presentation for your group.

Вариант 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие разные формы сослагательного наклонения.

1.    It is essential that this procedure should be followed.

2.    Whenever you may call, we are happy to hear you.

3.    We wished the prices had not soared then.

4.    It is time we were off.

5.    It would be a great pleasure to attend this conference!

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

1.    If the alarm goes off, it will mean a fire somewhere in the building.

2.    But for the long lasting talks we could start up our cooperation within a week.

3.    If they had known more about the key supplier they would have targeted their promotion more precisely.

4.    If nationalized industries previously had bad performances, they would have been worth little had they been sold at that stage.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.    Circumstances permitting, we will continue our dialogue.

2.    World population will increase by 3 billion over the next 25 years, with four out of five people living in developing economies.

3.    Shortage of essential foods and goods continuing here, the mood of the people is highly tense.

4.    True mass production was the inspiration of Henry Ford, who in 1913 adopted the moving assembly line; with each worker doing one simple task in the production of automobiles.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1.    Only in response to the growing public outcry, did the manager give up and promised to investigate the problem thoroughly.

2.    No matter how detailed, the business scenarios used in planning are generally inadequate.

3.    It is the challenge that attracts me most.

4.    What the project will require is parts and materials, and local companies are capable of providing it with.

5.    It is precisely this method that he followed.

6.    Not only does this overload you, but also it means that you don’t have the time to do your job properly.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

1.    After a long discussion they managed to even out their differences.

2.    Tests are carried out to determine the efficiency of a new drug.

3.    I get on very well with my colleagues.

4.    When the company is privatized, you should avail yourself of the opportunity and buy some shares.

5.    I'll call the station and note down the departure times.

6.    “So now, whether you're working or working out, make sure California Almonds are in!”

6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Просмотрите текст и определите главную мысль. Резюмируйте содержание текста в одном-двух предложениях. оставьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

WORKING WITH THE MEDIA

1.               With a basic understanding of the complex relationships between PR practitioners and journalists, we can outline few general principles foe working with the media. In the first place, managers must reconcile themselves to the legitimacy of the media’s role in monitoring the performance of their organizations and leaders. Managers and institutions must understand and accommodate the unique position of the media, realizing that, on one level, an adversarial relationship is normal.

2.               The beat advice in dealing with the media is to give journalists what they want in the form and language they want. Respond quickly and honestly to media request for information. By working to establish a relationship of mutual trust with particular journalists, you can defuse many potentially antagonistic encounters.

3.               Opportunity offered by media contact/ a meeting with the media represents a critical challenge as problems to be overcome. It is more constructive, however, to view them as opportunities. Publicity cannot replace good works or effective actions, but it can gain attention for issues, ideas, or products. It can spotlight an organization’s personality, policies or performances. It can make something or someone known.

4.               Every media contact is an opportunity to get feedback, to tell your story, to create a positive response to your organization. Of course there are dangers – but what opportunity presents itself without risk? And what opportunity can be taken without preparation?

5.               Preparation strategies. Preparation to meet the media is essential for both individuals and organizations. Preparation means more than getting psyched up about a particular interview, because when the opportunity comes, there may be little time to prepare. A company official may have only two hours to gather information and prepare strategy to deal effectively with some very sensitive issue.

6.               Before anyone in the organization meets with the media, the first step is to develop the proper set of attitudes. Meeting the media is an opportunity, not a problem; therefore, defensiveness is not appropriate. There is no need to feel intimidated – particularly if your objective is worthy. Is the case of the university’s fund – raising campaign, the purpose of the press conference must be kept firmly in mind. The PR director should refuse, in a friendly way, to be dragged by reporter’s questions into subjects other than the donation and campaign.

7.               The attitude of the interviewee toward the journalists should be of hospitality, cooperation and openness. At the same time, the interviewee should decide what needs to be said and say it – no matter what the reporter’s questions may be. A positive mental attitude is essential. Once this attitude is established among everyone in an organization who may be called upon to be interviewed, it becomes much easier and less dramatic to prepare for specific interviewers.

7. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.              Do you agree that media’s role in monitoring the performance of the organizations and their leaders is legitimate? Why?

2.              Is adversarial relationship between managers and the media are normal?

3.              What is the best advice in dealing with the media?

4.              How can one defuse potentially antagonistic encounters?

5.              Does a meeting with the media represent a critical challenge to the organization?

6.              How does the company official usually feel before meeting the media?

7.              What may the first step in the case of the university’s fund-raising campaign be?

8.              What should the attitude of the interviewee towards the journalists be?

9.              What should the interviewee decide?

10.           Why is positive mental attitude essential?

8. Напишите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям.

Mental attitude, less dramatic, hospitality, openness, dragged by reporters, objective, preparation strategies, donation, develop the proper set of attitudes, a company officials, organization’s personality, a positive response.

9. Выразите свою точку зрения по следующим темам. Напишите 2-3 предложения по каждой теме.

What are the job responsibilities in your professional area?

What skills do you need in your professional area?

What are the most important dates and events in the history of journalism?

10. Найдите русские эквиваленты для следующих фразеологизмов. Отметьте случаи, когда ключевые слова имеют дополнительные значения.

Print, broadcast, yellow journalism;

Welfare, agrarian, land, economic, penal, sweeping, radical reform;

Arbitrary, inhumane, brutal, cruel, fair, equal, silent, kind, humane, red carpet, VIP regulatory treatment;

Annual, newspaper, classified, favorable, detailed, exhaustive, minority, traffic, whether, restricted, top secret report.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык форм сослагательного наклонения. Подчеркните глаголы, содержащие разные формы сослагательного наклонения.

1.    It is necessary that we make an action plan for the next meeting.

2.    It might be important that we train students to communicate properly.

3.    You should not have been so light-minded.

4.    The CEO insisted that line managers were present at the annual meeting.

5.    If only we had predicted the consequences of tomorrow talks!

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык различных типов условных предложений. Подчеркните разные формы сказуемых.

1.    Please give a call in case you are late.

2.    Unless your mobile had such a strong signal and so many functions, it would not be giving off so much radiation.

3.    If you had studied carefully customer demands, you could have become market leaders.

4.    Had we applied new highly efficient equipment, we would have decreased the production cost.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык независимого причастного оборота. Подчеркните элементы независимого причастного оборота.

1.    Auctions make buyers bid against each other, with the seller taking a passive role.

2.    The world distribution of income is unjust, with poor countries having 61 percent of the world's population, but receiving only 6 percent of the world income.

3.    He predicts that the existing brain drain will speed up, with leading faculty moving to the US.

4.    Any moving object is able to do the work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода эмфатических инвертированных и усилительных конструкций.

1.    Harvard Business School does offer executive education, despite grandly turning down most of the companies that want its academics to work with their staff and refusing the usual quibbling over fees.

2.    It is in the planning of such new approaches that the result can be great.

3.    Not only a significant portion of the components will be manufactured locally but also advertising will be done by local agencies.

4.    It was after he had returned from Moscow that I told him the news.

5.    What optimism generates is much more enthusiasm than realism does.

6.    Not only are we paying for the high advertising costs, but also the users are induced to be exposed to all this and everywhere.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их письменно, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык фразовых глаголов. Подчеркните фразовые глаголы.

1.    I'll call you back as soon as possible.

2.    The manager is good at dealing with difficult customers.

3.    It's expensive but I haven't worked out the exact cost yet.

4.    When the factory closed down, the employees lost their jobs.

5.    All application forms must be handed in before the end of the month.

6.    “Now you and your children can dash off an email, send photos of the soccer game, the party, or just having fun” (Presto)

6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст. Просмотрите текст и определите главную мысль. Резюмируйте содержание текста в одном-двух предложениях. оставьте план пересказа с ключевыми словами. Перескажите основное содержание, выскажите свое мнение.

PR ACTIVITIES

PR covers a wide range of activities. They range from promotions for corporations to specific plans directed at identifiable audiences for particular reasons, such as consumer awareness about an unsafe children's toy. These activities may be part of a marketing process. They help corporate communicate with key groups in order to reach commercial goals. Some PR firms are involved in activities that promote a cause or develop an understanding, for example, lobbyists arguing for an increase in the driving age. Other PR firms deal with the consequences of an organization’s behaviour, such as job losses, or a new cure for a disease. This is called issues management. Many PR activities are not exclusive to PR. They are also used in related disciplines, including publicity, promotion, lobbying and marketing.

Public relations and advertising are often confused. However, they are two different disciplines. The goal of advertising is to generate sales, whereas the goal of PR is to generate mutual understanding. Advertising is aimed at target audiences on behalf of an organization or individual. Messages are carefully planned and placed in selected media. Advertising may also be used in a public relations programme. Advertising is paid for. It subsidizes the cost of television, newspapers and magazines for the consumer.

PUBLIC RELATIONS TOOLS AND ACTIVITIES

By using proven public relations (PR) tools and activities, you can promote positive attitudes and behaviours towards your business that will help convert interested consumers into customers. PR tools are very cost-effective, and often give you a greater degree of control than more broadly targeted advertising campaigns. Consider using these PR tools to build your business's reputation.

Media relations. Media strategies focus on circulating messages through media channels to manage how your business is portrayed by the media. Your media tools might include releasing media statements and fact sheets, offering on-site media tours to encourage journalists to report positive messages about your business, and using social media to get the attention of journalists and track journalists who report in your market. By developing good media contact lists and building relationships with key journalists to pitch media releases and story ideas to, you can use local, regional or state media to promote your business and manage risks, issues or crises affecting your business.

Advertorials. Advertorials are advertisements in the form of news stories or reviews in newspapers. Advertorials allow you to associate your advertising with the credibility of the newspaper. Many businesses employ advertising or marketing professionals to help them develop TV advertorials - which are commonly used as a form of advertising and product placement.

Social media. Social media lets you bypass the media and go straight to your customers. Using social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter allows you to follow and be followed by journalists, drive web traffic, manage issues by responding quickly to criticisms or negative perceptions, and increase exposure for your business brand.

Newsletters. Print or emailed newsletters are a good way to promote your business, communicate with customers and keep them informed of new products and services. Regular newsletters can strengthen your personal connections with customers and reflect your business brand and personality. A well written newsletter offers information of value to your customers.

Brochures and catalogues. 'Take home' or mail-out brochures or catalogues can help keep your customers thinking about your business and its products and services. Properly designed brochures and catalogues give customers confidence in you and your brand, and help drive customers to your website or store. Information contained in business brochures and catalogues can be effectively reworked for your website, helping you do business online.

Business events. Events are opportunities for business people to gain exposure for their businesses, promote new products or services and make sure accurate information reaches targeted customers. They can also help you research your market and competitors, and build your mailing list. Make sure you go to the event prepared with marketing materials to disseminate and a way to collect information and customer details.

Trade shows are an opportunity for businesses to compete in their industry and share information with people in similar lines of work. Learn more about promoting your business at trade shows and exhibitions.

Speaking engagements. Speaking at events where customers are likely to attend helps position you as a leader or innovator in your field. As a business owner or leader, building your reputation as an expert also builds the reputation of your business - and draws new customers. You will build reputation simply by having your business name or logo on the event listing, or delivering a presentation about a new product or innovation. Additionally, they provide valuable networking opportunities.

Sponsorships or partnerships. Supporting a not-for-profit cause can help build feelings of goodwill and loyalty towards your business. Community partnerships may involve an exchange of funds or in-kind benefits to grow a local community organisation in return for benefits that promote your business reputation. Partnerships can help consumers identify your brand with good business practice and good ethics.

Employee relations. Your staff are ambassadors for your business and brand. Many larger businesses conduct employee relations - building their business culture and team relationships by sharing information, promoting involvement and instilling a sense of pride in business achievement.

Community relations. Building good relationships with members of the community where you do business helps build customer loyalty. Find out where the customers in your community live by collecting postcodes at point of sale. Engaging local stakeholders and decision makers helps build your profile and level of influence, helping you to attract more customers through word-of-mouth and ensuring your business interests are factored into community decision making.

(from The Queensland Government website)

7. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний

широкий круг деятельности, маркетинговые мероприятия, осведомлённость потребителей, ключевые группы, участвовать в мероприятиях, продвигать общественное движение, последствия деятельности организации, решение проблем, целевая аудитория, освещение в прессе, от имени, взаимопонимание, увеличивать продажи, в том числе

8 Найдите русские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний из текста

media release, product placement, advertorials, brand exposure, social networking, mail-out brochures, disseminate, trade shows, networking, not-for-profit organization, point of sale, stakeholders, customer loyalty, community relations, sharing information

9. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.    How is PR different from advertising?

2.    What range of activities does PR cover?

3.    What are the examples of lobbying?

4.    What is issues management?

5.    What is the goal of advertising?

10. Выразите свою точку зрения по следующим темам. Напишите 2-3 предложения по каждой теме.

Describe the most popular traditions of Russian culture.

Describe the modern state of journalism.

What are the trends and prospects in journalism?

Приложение 1

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования

«Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет промышленных технологий и дизайна»

ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА ПЕЧАТИ И МЕДИАТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

КАФЕДРА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА И ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

Институт

ИМ / ПТиО

Направление

00.00.00 «Название направления»

Уровень образования бакалавриат/магистратура

Форма обучения      заочная

Контрольная работа №

Вариант №

Дисциплина ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК

(Английский язык)

Выполнил(а)             ____________________________________________________________

(Ф.И.О.)

Группа                      __________________________

Дата выполнения    __________________________

Подпись студента    __________________________

Проверил(а) ____________________________________________________________

(Должность Ф.И.О.)

Оценка прописью   __________________________

Подпись экзаменатора       __________________________

Санкт-Петербург

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