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Citizens are willing to support scientific inquiry because they expect that scientific findings can be used to improve human well-being. To meet these expectations, scientists develop and test theories to explain observations, under the presumption that when we know how things work we are in a better position to improve human well-being. The procedure scientists use to develop and test theories is the attempt to falsify hypotheses, either those derived from theories or ones being proposed as part of theory building. Through falsification of hypotheses that do not accurately explain observations, scientists build support for theories that do explain observations. To test hypotheses, scientists must accurately measure their concepts of interest. Physicists, for example, must accurately measure wind velocity and surface temperature to test the hypothesis that the greater the wind velocity, the greater the temperature on the surface of an aircraft's wing. Similarly, sociologists must accurately measure self-esteem and marital satisfaction to test the hypothesis that the greater the self-esteem, the greater the marital satisfaction. To test hypotheses, therefore, scientists must measure what they think they are measuring (i.e., validity) and do so with an instrument that records observations in a consistent manner (i.e., reliability). It would be invalid, for example, for physicists to attempt to measure temperature with a yardstick.

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